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Reminiscences of the War. 



R. R HOWBERT. 






THIS VOLUME 

IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 

TO 

THE YOUNG MEN OF AMERICA 

j;v 

THE AUTHOR. 



COPYRIGHTED, 
AUGUST Illh, iS 




t/X- 



INTRODUCTION, 



THE writer of the chapters which follow this 
introduction, the Rev. Abraham R. How- 
hert, has enjoyed special facilities for present- 
ing to the public an interesting, instructive and 
valuable book. He was Chaplain of the 84th 
Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry, during its 
service of a little over three months in 1862, at 
Cumberland, Maryland, and New Creek, West 
Virginia. When it was mustered out of service 
at Delaware, Ohio, in September of that year, 
he became the Confidential Agent of David 
Tod, Governor of Ohio, to visit and report on 
the condition of the Ohio Regiments, and the 
Chaplain service for each, wherever they might 
be found scattered through the wide fields of 
military operations during the war for the sup- 
pression of the rebellion. When Governor Tod 
had served out his term, and John Brough became 
Governor in 1864, Mr. Howbert continued the 



same character of service until the close of the 
war. The value of his able and efficient services 
was fully appreciated by these distinguished War 
Governors of Ohio. In addition to this, Mr. 
Howbert was entrusted with important duties by 
the " Christian Commission " and the " Sanitary 
Commission," two of the humane agencies for 
ameliorating the conditions of soldiers in the ser. 
vice ; and in the execution of his duties in this 
connection, while also acting under the authority 
of Governors Tod and Brough, he not only ren. 
dered great service to the soldiers, to the country 
and to the cause of humanity, but also had 
opened to him many sources of information, val- 
uable to him in the preparation of this volume, 
for which work his observation, his reading, his 
learning and ability have eminently qualified 
him. At his request this introduction has been 
prepared, presenting some historical facts, some 
views, and some principles of constitutional law 
and of the laws of war, which it is hoped may be 
found useful, especially to the young men who 
have been born or reached manhood since the 
war closed in 1865. 



Since the President's proclamation of August 
20, 1866, referring to the great rebellion, declared 
the "insurrection at an end," * a vast number of 
those who were intelligent observers or actors in 
the events of that period have passed away, and 
a new generation of men has appeared on the 
stage of action. To them the rebellion and its 
stirring incidents are matters of history, of which 
they know nothing from observation, or from 
information acquired during that eventful period. 

Whatever will throw light on these must be of 
deep interest to thoughtful minds at present, 
and for all future time. 

They impart lessons, and are fraught with 
results, which should be understood by every 
citizen of the United States. 

War legislates. The supression of the rebel- 
lion has settled questions of constitutional law 
which neither congress nor courts could effectu- 
ally and finally determine, f 

* See Lawrence's Law of Claims, being House* Rep., No. 134, 2d 
session, 43d Congress, page 208. 

t Jefferson's Works, vol. 9, page 474; vol. 7, page 229; vol. 4, 
pages 258, 305 ; 4th vol. Writings of Madison, 506, 555, 166. 

The Kentucky resolutions written by Jefferson, and the Virginia 



The lessons and results of the war can be ap- 
preciated only by an adequate knowledge of the 
causes, or alleged causes of, or pretexts for, the great 
insurrection ; the grounds so vainly urged to justify 
it, and the change made in the interpretation of the 
Constitution, and the structure of the Government, 
as a consequence of and following the suppression of 
the rebellion. 

Some of these will now be briefly stated. 

By the Declaration of July 4, 1776, it was pro. 
claimed by "the representatives of the United 

resolutions by Madison, contained the germ of secession and rebellion. 
They laid the foundation of all out pplitical woes. As a sample of 
their heresies, the Kentucky resolutions deny that the Government of 
the United States is one and indivisible, and assert that it is a "com- 
pact;" they assert contrary to Article 3, Sections 1 and 2, and Article 
6, clause 1, of the Constitution, that as against the action of Congress, 
and the Courts of the United States, each State "has an equal right 
to judge for itself as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of 
redress." This declaration is the basis of the assumed right of "nullifi- 
cation" and of "secession. " Writings of Madison, vol. 4, p. 225. The 
motto of the United States is "e pluribus unura," signifying that the 
government is one : that it is not composed of States as integral parts, 
but is within its sphere, for all purposes of its jurisdiction, composed 
of and operating on "we the people of the United States," and is a 
unit, as fully as is each State for all purposes of its subordinate juris- 
diction. Any other construction of the motto is erroneous, as shown by 
the source from which it is taken, fully illustrating the significance of 
its intense unity. It is from a Latin writer, by whom it was employed 
to signify the utter annihilation of the separate indentity of various 
herbs when mixed and blended into one medicinal preparation. So far 



— B- 

States of America in general Congress assembled" 
that the thirteen "united colonies are and of 
right ought to be free and independent States," 
and "that they are absolved from all allegiance 
to the British Crown."* 

This was followed by the Revolutionary War, 
happily terminated by the Provisional Articles of 
Agreement of November 30, 1782, between His 
Britanic Majesty and the United States, by which 
the former acknowledged the latter to be "free 

as the National jurisdiction extends it is as perfect and independent as 
if the .States did not exist; so far as the jurisdiction of each State 
extends it is as perfect and independent as if the National Goverment had 
no existence, subject in both cases to the existence of some concurrent 
powers. 

The "States Rights" heresies of Jefferson, to which reference has 
been made, have been swept away by the arbitrament of the sword 
and the suppression of the Rebellion has written a commentary on the 
constitution which will survive for all time, and which says to the 
Republic — esto perpetua. 

Jefferson held that "it is a very dangerous doctrine, indeed, and one 
which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy," to "con 
sider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions.'' 
Jefferson's Works, vol. 7, page 178. He overlooked the fact that there 
is no power under our Government absolute and unalterable. A con- 
struction of the Constitution against the sentiment of the country can 
be remedied for the future by an amendment, and if courts give effect 
to statutes or treaties in a form not acceptable, the legislative and 
treaty powers are ample to give remedies thereafter. Courts are much 
more likely to be safe expounders of the Constitution than political con- 
ventions or even State Legislatures. 

Paschal's Annotated Constitution, page 1. 



— 6- 

soverign and independent States. * This was 
followed by an armistice January 20, 1783, de- 
claring a cessation of hostilities between the 
United States and Great Britain, t and finally by 
the definitive Treaty of Peace September 3, 1783. J: 

At that time the United States included what 
were called New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, 
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Con- 
necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
South Carolina and Georgia, which States have 
since been commonly called "the thirteen original 
States." 

At the time of the Declaration of Independence 
these Colonies, or States, were represented in a 
Congress, and each Colony had a legislative body 
of its own, but there could not be said to be any 
legislative authority supreme over all for any pur- 
pose whatever. 

As a matter of necessity "the Delegates of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled 



* 8 U. S. Stat. 54. 

t 8 U. S. Stat. 58. 

U S. Stat. 80. 



did, on the 15th day of 'November, 1777, agree 
to certain Articles of Confederation and Per- 
petual Union" between the States already enum- 
erated, under which a Congress of Delegates 
from the several States was provided for, but 
with very limited powers.* Madison says that 
these articles did not take effect until ratified by 
Maryland March 1, 1781.^ These Articles 
united the States in a compact, a mere Federal 
Union, which continued in force until superseded 
by "The Constitution of the United States of 
America," which went into operation on the 4th 
day of March, 1789,! and constituted a new 
political body, a new Nation, || "a government of 
the people, by the people, and for the people," 
perfect in itself, and supreme for all purposes of 
its jurisdiction, of which it was made the sole and 
exclusive judge. 

During and after the Revolutionary War the 
State of Virginia claimed title to and jurisdiction 

* Paschal' s Annotated Constitution 8. 
i j Madison's Writings, 126; 1 Jefferson's Works, 36. 
[ Owings vs. Speed 5, Wheat. 420; 1 Kent. Com. 2t.j. 
Scott vs. Sandford 19, Howard 397. 



-8— 

over the country now included in Ohio, Indiana, 
Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota 
east of the Mississippi river, and on the 9th of 
August, 1787, by deed of cession, conveyed to 
the United States its (Virginia's) title to and 
jurisdiction over the same.* The territory so 
ceded was subsequently known as "the North- 
west Territory," over which a territorial govern- 
ment was organized under "An ordinance for the 
government of the territory of the United States 
north-west of the river Ohio." adopted July 13, 
1787, by the Congress under the Articles of Con- 
federation. This was known as "The Ordinance 
of 1787." f 

It declared that "there shall be neither slavery 
nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory 
otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, 
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." 



See vol. 1 of "The Public Domain, Its History," etc., Washing- 
ton Government, print. 1SS0, p. 70, vol. 1 ; Charters and Constitutions 
U. S , part 1, p. 428. 

t Vol. 1, page 433, Charters and Constitute >ns. The Fublic Domain 
1 (fi-iTu ; see 3 Madison*s Writings 154. He denied the validity of the 
prohibition of slavery made by it, but every State formed from this Ter- 
ritory acquiesced in it. Thus public sentiment was manifested, and 
long acquiescence removed all doubt as to its validity. 



The territory covered by the ordinance was all 
and the only territory then owned by the United 
States, including all outside of the original states. 

Other territories have since been acquired by the 
United States, including the following : 

i. "The Louisiana Purchase" from France by 
three separate treaties of April 30, 1803, includ- 
ing the country now embraced in the States of 
Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Ne- 
braska, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi 
river, Oregon, and parts of Alabama, Mississippi 
and Colorado, and the region included in the 
present territories of Dakota, Montana, Idaho, 
Washington, and parts of Wyoming, besides the 
country south of Kansas known as the "Indian 
Territory."* 

2. Florida was acquired from Spain by treaty 
proclaimed February 22, 1821. 

3. Texas, by the joint resolution of Congress 
of March 1, 1845, and subsequent proceedings. 

4. California, &c. , by the treaty of Guadelupe 
Hidalgo, July 4, 1848. 

•'• The Public Domain 105. 



5. The Gadsden purchase, by treaty with 
Mexico, proclaimed June 30, 1854; and 

6. Alaska, by the treaty with Russia, pro- 
claimed June 20, 1867. * 

Thus the territorial acquisitions have been 
stated with substantial accuracy, though there are 
details not material for the purpose now in view. 

It will be observed that the Congress of the 
Confederacy, by the ordinance of 1787, pro- 
hibited slavery in all the territory then owned by 
the United States. And the historical fact is 
notorious that the general sentiment of the coun- 
try then, and for many years thereafter, not only 
deplored the existence of slavery in the states 
which permitted it, but firmly opposed its 
extension, "f 

The Louisiana treaty of 1803, as it has been 
said, in view of the fact that the French inhabi- 
tants of the Louisiana territory held a few slaves, 
provided that "the inhabitants of the ceded ter- 



* The Public Domain 108-145. 

t See Writings of Madison passim ; Jefferson's Works, vol. 2 
page 357, and vol. 6, page 456, vol. 9, page 290, and other vols, passim. 
1 Madison's Writings 217 ; 1 Greeley's American Conflict 109; Lin- 
coln's Cooper Institute speech. 



-11- 

ritory shall be incorporated in the union of the 
United States, and admitted as soon as prac- 
ticable, according to the principles of the Federal 
Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, 
advantages and immunities of citizens of the 
United States ; and in the meantime they shall be 
maintained and protected in the free enjoyment 
of their liberty, property, and the religion which 
they profess." * 

If this was intended to protect ownership in . 
slaves, it only applied to the period between the 
proclamation of the Treaty and the admission of 
States into the Union, thus conceding the power 
of Congress or of a new State thereafter to abolish 
and prohibit slavery. And by the ordinary rule 
of strict construction, applied to provisions 
against human freedom, it could only apply to 
slaves owned by the inhabitants of the ceded 
territory at die date of the treaty, and possibly 
their descendants on the maxim, partes sequitur 
vcntrcm. 

The whole country acquiesced in the prevail- 



* The late Justice John McLean, in a published letter, said this 
provision was intended to protect slaves as property. 



ing sentiment against extending slavery into any 
new territory, until about the time it became 
necessary to provide a State government for the 
present State of Missouri.* Those in favor of 
slavery in the new State were sufficiently powerful 
to secure their object, but it was accom- 
plished only by what was regarded as a solemn 
compact, or as Webster said, by "irrepealable 
law," that slavery should be forever prohibited in 
all the residue of the Louisiana Territory. ' Ac- 
cordingly Congress passed an act, approved 
March 6, 1820, "to authorize the people of the 
Missouri territory to form a constitution and State 
government, and for the admission of such State 
into the Union on an equal footing with the 
original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain 
territories, "f 

This act authorized the inhabitants ot that ter- 
ritory now included within the State of Missouri 
to form for themselves a constitution and State 
government, and declares that said State when 
formed shall be admitted into the Union. 



* Greeley's American Conflict 74-80, 108, 225, 235, 262. 
t 3 U. S. Stat. 545. 



-13— 

Section 8 provides — 

"That in all that territory ceded by France 
to the United States, under the name of 
Louisiana, which lies north of thirty- six 
degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not 
included within the limits of said State, contem- 
plated by this act, slavery and involuntary servi- 
tude otherwise than in the punishment of crime, 
whereof the parties shall have been duly con- 
victed, shall be and is forever prohibited." 

.This was the famous "Missouri Compromise," 
which asserted and exercised the power of Con- 
gress to prohibit slavery in the territories of the 
United States, and to prohibit the establishment 
of slavery by any State thereafter admitted into 
the Union out of said territory. So far as it per- 
mitted the establishment of slavery in the State 
of Missouri, by its new Constitution, it was a 
departure from, and violation of, the common 
understanding of the whole country after the 
adoption of the ordinance of 1787, and on the 
faith of which the Constitution of the United 
States was framed, agreed to, and put in opera- 
tion. But the compromise was almost universally 
acquiesced in for a long period, during which no 
statesman of the country ever ventured to suggest 
a disregard or violation of its terms. The inven- 



—14— 

tion of the cotton gin, * slowly, but after 
many years, gave such a stimulus to the produc- 
tion of cotton in the "Southern States" that 
slavery thereby became very profitable, and 
the people of the slave States demanded its exten- 
sion into new territory. It was for this purpose that 
Texas, as a slave holding State, was annexed under 
the administration of President Tyler in 1845^ 

The slave power, increased and strengthened 
by the admission of Missouri as a slave State, by 
the acquisition of Florida and Texas, cast its 
longing eyes towards other fields, and one object 
of the Mexican war, proclaimed by the act of 
Congress of May 13, 1846, J as existing "by the 
act of the Republic of Mexico,"|| was, as shown 
by diplomatic negotiations and concurrent his- 
tory, to acquire new territory into which to carry 
slavery. 

While the war was in progress, with a prospect 

* The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney in 1795 ; see 1 Gree- 
ley's American Conflict 61. 

f This is shown by the Diplomatic Correspondence on the subject of 
annexation. 

J 9 Stat. U. S. 9. 

|| This declaration of the act was violently assailed in Congress as 
false. 



-18- 

of the acquisition of territory from Mexico, the 
slavery agitation in Congress and among the 
people, was one of the leading and the most ex- 
citing of the questions of public discussion. 

On the 8th of August, 1846, Mr. McKay in- 
troduced a bill in the House of Representatives, 
proposing to appropriate $2,000,000 "for the 
purpose of defraying any extraordinary expenses 
which may be incurred in the intercourse between 
the United States and foreign nations," meaning 
thereby for the prosecution of the war, and for 
the purchase of territory in the event of the con_ 
elusion of a treaty of peace. He withdrew this 
and offered a substitute on the same day, propos- 
ing to appropriate $30,000 "to enable the Presi" 
dent to enter upon negotiations for the restoration 
of peace with Mexico," and to appropriate 
$2,000,000 "to enable the President to conclude 
a treaty of peace with the Republic of Mexico," 
which, of course, looked to the acquisition of 
territory. 

Mr. Ingersol offered an amendment, by way of 
a substitute, proposing a like appropriation of 
$2,000,000, looking to the same object. 



David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, a Democrat, 
moved an amendment, to add to the end of 
McKay's modified bill, the following, which was 
agreed to : 

" 'Provided, That as an'express and fundamental 
condition to the acquisition of any territory from 
the Republic of Mex ; co by the United States, by 
virtue of any treaty that may be negotiated be- 
tween them, and to the use by the executive of the 
moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor 
involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part 
of said territory, except for crime, whereof the 
party shall first be duly convicted." * 

The bill thus amended was taken up in the 
Senate on the last day of the session, when Mr. 
Lewis moved to strike out the proviso, and on this 
motion Senator Davis, a Whig, spoke until the 
hour of adjournment, thus defeating the bill. "f" 
The Senate had in it a majority of Democratic 
members opposed to the proviso, and doubtless 
would have defeated it if a direct vote had been 
taken. At the next session of Congress the 



* See vol. 15 Cong. Globe, proceedings of August 8, 1846, page 
1,277. This provision is said to have been written by Jacob Erinker- 
hoff, then a member of the House from Ohio, and by him handed to 
Mr. Wilmot to be offered. 

t Vol. 15 Cong. Globe 1220; vol. 1 Blaine's Twenty Years 68. 



-17- 

Democratic majority was rallied against the Wil- 
mot amendment, and the 'two million bill," 
with the appropriation, increased to three millions, 
was passed without the proviso. This intensified 
the anti-slavery sentiment of the Northern States, 
and the "Wilmot/r<?77>e/' became a test in the 
elections which followed. 

While the public mind was thus engaged in 
considering the "Wilmot proviso," and other ques- 
tions relating to slavery, and while the war yet 
continued, John C. Calhoun, a Senator from 
South Carolina, introduced in the Senate of the 
United States his famous resolutions declaring 
"that the territories of the United States" are the 
"joint and common property" of the several 
States; that "Congress has no right to make any 
law by which any of them shall be deprived of 
its full and equal right in any territory ;" that 
"any law which should deprive the citizens of 
any State from emigrating with their property into 
any of the Territories * * would be a violation 
of the Constitution .and the rights of the States 
from which such citizens emigrated," and that a 
people in forming a Constitution "have the uncon- 



—18- 

ditional right lo form and adopt" such republican 
government as they may think best calculated to 
secure their property.* 

No statesman or jurist had ever before this, set up 
any claim of a right on the part of slave holders 
to carry and hold their slaves in any Territory. 
This was a new and startling doctrine. 

Mr. Benton immediately denounced the resolu- 
tions as "a string of abstractions," and they 
received but little, if any, favor, either in Congress 
or the country. These resolutions practically an- 
nounced that the Missouri compromise, prohibit- 
ing slavery, was unconstitutional ; that if the 
Mexican war resulted in the acquisition of terri- 
tory, neither Congress nor a Territorial Legisla- 
ture could make any law prohibiting slavery 
therein, the inevitable effect of which would be 
that slavery would exist in all the Territories up to 
the period when a constitution should be adopted 
for any new State that might be organized therein, 
and that with such a start, the new States would 
inevitably become slave States. This was the 

Cong, Globe, February 19, 1S17, page (55, 2d Session, ?oth 
Congress. 



-19— 

germ of the doctrine, afterwards proclaimed in a 
still wider sense in favor of slavery, in the famous 
and infamous "Dred Scott" decision hereafter 
noticed. 

The war with Mexico terminated with the treaty 
of July 4, 1848, and the acquisition of a vast 
territory, extending to the Pacific coast, including 
California. 

In the year 1S48 the opposing candidates for 
the Presidency were Gen. Zachary Taylor, the 
Whig candidate, and Lewis Cass, the Democratic 
candidate. 

On the subject of slavery the position of Cass 
was that denominated "popular sovereignty" — 
that is, that the people of each Territory, in a 
Territorial government, should, through their 
Legislature, determine for themselves whether 
slavery should or should not exist therein, and 
that when they came to adopt a State constitution 
by a convention of delegates, the State so formed 
should be admitted with or without slavery, as the 
constitution might prescribe. This did not satisfy 
the pro-slavery propagandists of the new Calhoun 
doctrine, nor those who believed with the found- 



-£0- 

ers and fathersof the Republic, that Congress had 
no power to establish or permit the legalization of 
slavery in any Territory during the period of its 
Territorial government. Gen Taylor, who won 
high distinction in the Mexican war, was elected 
President, and. upon his death, July 9, 1850, was 
succeeded by Millard Filmore, the then late Vice- 
President, whose term as President extended 
from July 9, 1850, to March 4, 1853. 

It was known by well in r ormed statesmen of 
the Whig party that General Taylor was opposed 
to the extension of slavery into any of the Terri- 
tories, * though he was himself a large slave 
owner. 

The agitation of questions relating to slavery 
continued through* the administration of President 
Filmore, becoming more and more intense with 
each succeeding year. 

An effort to stay the agitation was made in Con- 
gress, led by the illustrious Henry Clay, in the 
vain hope of giving repose to the country, by a 



* Thomas Corwin, in public speeches on the stump in 1848, declared 
he "knew" this to be so, though it may be said, it had not been made 
known by any published writing of (Icn. Taylor. 



series of measures known as "the compromise 
measures of 1850." 

These measures were passed in Congress, con- 
sisting of five acts, approved by President Fil- 
more, embracing six distinct subjects, indicated 
in brief, as follows : 

1. The act of September 9, 1850 (9 Stat. 446) to 
establish a Territorial Government for New 
Mexico, with a provision that it might be divided 
into two territories, and admittted into the Union 
as a State or States, "with or without slavery, as 
their constitution might prescribe at the time of 
their admission." 

2. The act of September 9, 1850, (9 Stat. 453) 
to establish a Territorial Government for Utah, 
with a similar provision as to slavery. 

3. The act of September 9, 1850, (9 Stat. 452) 
for the admi sion of California as a free State. 

4. The fugitive slave act of September 18, 
1850, (9 Stat. 462). 

5. It was a part of the first act mentioned, 
that the State of Texas should cede to the United 
States all her claim to the territory of New Mexi- 
co, in consideration of ten mil 'ion dollars, to be 
paid by the United States, and that the joint 
resolution of March 1, 1845, (5 Stat. 797) pro- 
viding for the division of Texas into five 
States should remain unimpared. 

6. The act of September 20, 1850, (9 Stat. 
467) for the suppression of the slave trade in the 
District of Columbia. 



—22— 

It should be observed that the slave power in 
Congress had, prior to these measures, resisted all 
attempts to organize a Territorial Government for 
California, manifestly because the discovery, in 
February, 1848, of gold therein, had brought an 
influx of people from the Northern States opposed 
to slavery, and who would inevitably prevent the 
establishment of slavery either under a Territorial 
Government or in any new State that might be 
organized. The result was, the people of Cali- 
fornia, from sheer necessity, organized a Govern- 
ment of their own voluntary motion, without the 
usual formality of an enabling act of Congress — a 
fact recognized in the preamble to the act of 
September 9, 1850, for the admission of the State, 
which recites that "the people of California have 
presented a constitution and asked admission into 
the Union." 

In 1852 the opposing candidates for the Presi- 
dency were Gen. Winfield Scott, the Whig candi- 
date, and Franklin Pierce, the Democratic 
candidate, the latter of whom was elected, and 
inaugurated President March 4, 1853, and served 
out his term, which ended March 4, 1857. 



—23— 

With each succeeding year the slave power 
continued to increase its domination and ascend- 
ancy. The contest between freedom and slavery 
acquired a prominence and intensity hitherto 
unknown, as population began to flow into the 
country west and north of Missouri and Iowa. 
Prior to 1854 this country was without any civil 
government, and had no white population, except 
a few missionaries among the Indian tribes. 
Near the close of Mr. Filmore's administration, a 
bill, recognizing the binding force of the Missouri 
compromise, passed the House of Representatives 
to establish Territorial Government for the Terri- 
tory of Nebraska. It was favorably reported in 
the Senate by Stephen A. Douglas, chairman of 
the Committee on Territories, but was defeated in 
the Senate two days before Mr. Pierce was 
inaugurated as President, every Senator from the 
slave holding States, with two exceptions, voting 
against it. 

President Pierce, in his inaugural address, 
doubtless referring to the "compromise measures 
of 1850," which left the Missouri compromise in 
full force as to an immense territory, declared 



that on the subject of slavery, the "repose" of 
the country "should suffer no shock" during his 
administration.* The "shock," however, speedi- 
ly came. 

On the 14th of December, 1853, Mr. Dodge, 
of Iowa, introduced into the Senate a bill to 
organize the Territory of Nebraska, and, recog- 
nizing the binding force of the Missouri compro- 
mise. This bill was referred to the Committee on 
Territories, f 

On the 23d of January, 1854, Stephen A. 
Douglas, chairman of the Committee on Terri- 
tories, reported the bill back with a substitute, 
providing a Territorial Government for the Terri- 
tories of Kansas and of Nebraska, with provisions : 

First, That all questions pertaining to slavery 
in the Territories, and in the new States to be 
formed therefrom, are to be left to the decision of 
the people residing therein. 

Second, That "all cases involving title to 
slaves" and "questions of personal freedom," are 
referred to the "adjudication of the local tribunals, 
with the right of appeal to the Supreme Court of 
the United States."! 



Blaine, vol. i, page 113. 
Vol. 32 Cong. Globe, page 44. 
Vol. 32, Cong. Globe 222. 



To this was added a provision in favor of the 
rendition of fugitive slaves, f 

This, as will be seen, in effect repealed the 
Missouri compromise as to slavery, dodging be- 
hind the mask of "popular sovereignty," and in 
anticipation of the doctrine, subsequently an- 
nounced in the "Dred Scott decision," that the 
constitution secured the right of slave owners in 
slave States, to carry and hold their slaves in the 
new territories, it proposed a way to establish 
slavery in these territories, even anterior to and 
after the Territorial Governments should be 
created. 



1 Immediately after this bill was reported a public meeting was 
called at Columbus, Ohio, probably the first in the country, of citizens, 
irrespective of political party views, to denounce the proposed repeal of 
the Missouri compromise. Speeches were made against it at the meet- 
ing by Hon. John W. Andrews, by Hon. Ephriam R.Eckley and William 
Lawrence, the two latter then members of the Ohio Senate, and by 
others, and a series of appropriate resolutions was adopted. A com- 
mittee was appointed, consisting of Eckley, Lawrence and Hon. N. S. 
Townsend, to correspond with prominent citizens in all parts of Ohio 
with a view to call a State convention of citizens of all previous parties 
opposed to the repeal of the Missouri compromise. A public meeting 
of citizens opposed to the repeal was held at Marysville, Ohio, Feb- 
ruary 22d, addressed by Hon. Joseph R.Swan, Hon. Norton S. Townsend 
and William Lawrence, and the speech of the latter was published in 
the Marysville Tribune. Similar meetings were held in other States, 
and resolutions were adopted denouncing the proposed repeal. After 
an extensive correspondence by the Committee appointed at Columbus, 



The bill was subsequently modified, and passed 
Congress in a still more odious form, approved by 
President Pierce May 30, 1854, as "an act to 
organize the Territories of Nebraska and 
Kansas."* 

This act defines the boundaries of the Territo- 
ries of Nebraska and Kansas, respectively, creates 
for each a temporary Territorial Government, and 
declares as to each that ' 'when admitted as a State 
or States, the said territory, or any portion of the 
same, shall be received into the Union, with or 



as stated, the Ohio convention was called, and met at Columbus July 
13th, 1854, the anniversary of the adoption of the "Ordinance of 1787," 
and nominated Joseph R. Swan, a Democrat, as candidate for Judge 
of the Supreme Court, besides other candidates for minor offices. The 
convention was popularly called the "Fusion Convention," because 
composed of Whigs, Democrats and members of the Free Soil party. 
The ticket was supported and elected by the aid of the great body of 
the old Whig party, the Free Soilers, and by many anti-slavery Demo- 
crats, a combination for the time being called the "Anti-Nebraska" or 
"Fusion Party." The Whig party was mainly disbanded all over the 
country, though in some, States, especially in the South, it maintained 
on organization until near the great conflict of i860. (Cooper & Fen- 
ton's American Politics, book 2, page 40.) The great body of those 
who supported the Fusion candidates of 1854, united in organizing the 
Republican party, whose first State convention in Ohio was held at 
Columbus July 13, 1S55, and nominated Salmon P. Chase for Governor, 
Thomas H. Ford for Lieutenant Governor, Jacob Prinkerhoff fur Judge 
of the Supreme Court, and other candidates for minor offices. 

Vol. 10 U. S. Statutes 277. 



without slavery, as their constitution may pre- 
scribe at the time of their admission." 
The act also provides — 

"That the Constitution and all the laws of the 
United States, which are not locally inapplicable, 
shall have the same force and effect within the 
said Territory of Kansas as elsewhere within the 
United States, except the eighth section of ihe act 
preparatory to the admission of Missouri into the 
Union, approved March sixth, eighteen hundred 
and twenty, which, being inconsistent with the 
non-intervention by Congress with slavery in the 
States and Territories, as recognized by the legis- 
lation of eighteen hundred and fifty, commonly 
'called the Compromise Measures, *" is hereby 
declared inoperative and void ; it being the true 
intent and meaning of this act not to legislate 
slavery into any Territory or State, nor to exclude 
it therefrom, but to leave the people thereof 
perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic 
institutions in their own way, subject only to the 
Constitution of the United States. 

Provided, That nothing herein contained shall 
be construed to revive or put in force any law or 
regulation which may have existed prior to the 
act of sixth of March, eighteen hundred and 

These "Compromise Measures" have been already stated. They 
did not recognize any principle of universal application relating to 
slavery. The Missouri compromise was intended to settle forever a 
principle as to the Louisiana Territory. The attempted justification 
in the Kansas-Nebraska act of 1854 for its repeal is a false and fraudu- 
lent pretense. 



twenty, either protecting, establishing, prohibiting 
or abolishing slavery." 

The purpose of this act was, under the favor of 
a pro-slavery administration of the National Gov- 
ernment, and under the false and fraudulent 
pretense of "popular sovereignty," to carry 
slavery into Kansas, if not into Nebraska as well, 
and this purpose, as to the former, has been 
demonstrated and exposed in an able and elabor- 
ate report submitted to the House of Representa- 
tives in Congress, July i, 1856, by Mr. Howard, 
but in fact written by that illustrous statesman and* 
efficient friend of freedom, John Sherman.* 

It has been justly said that "thus the first great 
document on the subject every submitted to Con- 
gress by any statesman of the Republican party 
secured in its various results freedom to Kansas, 
and gave such an impetus to the Republican 
cause as to insure its ascendency to the control of 
the National government with the election of Mr. 
Lincoln as President in i86o."f 

Kronson's Life of Sherman 82 ; Lawrence's "Sketch of the Life 
and Public Services of John Sherman." page 32. 
I Lawrence's Sketch of Sherman 32. 



—29- 

The contest between freedom and slavery in 
Kansas resulted in scenes of violence, and in 1855 
and 1856 in some measure in civil war. The 
contest continued beyond the administration of 
President Pierce, and, in fact, until after the 
election of i860. 

In the Presidential contest of 1856, the oppos- 
ing candidates were James Buchanan, the Demo- 
cratic candidate, John C. Fremont, the first 
candidate of the recently organized Republican 
party, and Milliard Filmore, the candidate of the 
American party, whose creed was that "Ameri- 
cans shall govern America."* Mr. Filmore 
received only the vote of Maryland. 

On the subject of slavery the National conven- 
tion, which met at Cincinnati, June 6, 1856, and 
nominated Mr. Buchanan, 1 esolved, 

"That the American Democracy recognize 
and adopt the principles contained in the 
organic laws establishing the Territories of 
Nebraska and Kansas as embodying the only 



' The National convention of the American party was held at 
Philadelphia February 21, 1856. The Whig party also at a convention 
in Baltimore, September 13, adopted Filmore as their candidate. 
Cooper & Fenton's American Politics, book 2, pages 35-40.) 



— 30- 

sound and safe solution of the slavery question, 
upon which the great National idea of the people 
of this whole country can repose in its determined 
conservation of the Union, and non-interference of 
Congress with slavery in the Territories, or in the 
District of Columbia."* 

In the political contest of that year "non-inter- 
ference of Congress with slavery in the territories" 
was construed in the Northern free States as 
synonymous with "popular sovereignty," some- 
times called "squatter sovereignty." 

The Republican National convention, which 
met at Philadelphia, June 17, and nominated 
General Fremont, resolved "that we deny the 
authority of Congress, of a Territorial legisla- 
ture, of any individual or association of individu- 
als, to give legal existence to slavery in any 
Territory of the United States," and that "it is 
both the right and the imperative duty of Congress 
to prohibit in the Territories those twin relics of bar- 
barism — polygamy and slavery" — and "that Kan- 
sas should be immediately admitted as a State of 
the Union with her present free constitution, "t 

Cooper & Fenton's American Politics, book z, page 38. 
i Cooper & Fenton's American Politics, book 2, page |g 



—31 — 

Mr. Buchanan was elected President and was 
inaugurated March 4, 1857. 

His election was a triumph for the pro-slavery 
Democracy. But the friends of freedom in Kan- 
sas renewed their efforts with unabated zeal, while 
the pro-slavery men, with the power of the 
National administration on their side, continued 
their efforts, often with violence, to maintain the 
cause of slavery and to establish it in that fertile 
region. 

In their efforts, unfortunately for humanity and 
public peace, they received encouragement by 
that august tribunal, which should be the bulwark 
of freedom, of human rights, and of the eternal 
principles of justice — the Supreme Court of the 
United States. 

At the December term, 1856, but not until 
after James Buchanan had been inaugurated as 
President in 1857, the Supreme Court of the 
United States decided the famous case of Scott vs. 
Sandford, known as the "Dred Scott case."* 

Scott had been a negro slave, owned in Mis- 

19 Howard U. S. Rep. 393-633. 



—32— 

souri, a slave State, by Dr. Emerso*n, who in 1834 
took him to Illinois, a free State, and held him 
there as a slave until April, 1836, when said Emer- 
son removed him to Fort Snelling, on the west bank 
of the Mississippi river, in the Territory known as 
Upper Louisiana, acquired by the United States 
from France, and situated north of latitude 
thirty-six degrees, thirty minutes north, and north of 
the State of Missouri. Emerson held Scott as a 
slave at Fort Snelling from April, 1836, until in 
1838, when he removed with him to Missouri, 
where they subsequently resided.. Prior to 1853 
Emerson sold Scott as a slave to Sanford. On 
November 2, 1853, Scott commenced a proceed- 
ing in the Circuit Court of the United States, for 
the District of Missouri, against Sanford, seeking 
to establish his (Scott's) right to freedom, on the 
ground that his removal by his master from Mis- 
souri to Illinois, and abo to Fort Snelling, in what 
is now Nebraska, made him a free man, since 
slavery, if it every existed there before the Terri- 
tory was acquired from France, had been abol- 
ished by the "Missouri Compromise act." 

Chief Justice Taney, in delivering the opinion 



—38— 

of the Court, held that a negro whose ancestors 
were imported into this country and sold 
as slaves was not a citizen of the United States, 
and that such persons can "claim none of the 
rights and privileges which" the constitution 
' 'provides for and secures to citizens of the 
United States," and hence could not sue in the 
courts of the United States. And he said that 
on the contrary such persons were, at the adop- 
tion of the constitution, "considered as a sub- 
ordinate and inferior class of beings, who had 
been subjected by the dominant [white] race, 
and zv he t her emancipated or not, yet remained 
subject to their authority, and had no rights or 
privileges but such as those who held the power 
and the government might choose to grant to 
them;" that "they had for more than a century 
before been regarded as beings of an inferior 
order, and altogether unfit to associate with the 
white race, either in social or political relations ; 
and so far inferior that they had no rights which 
the white man was bound to respect, and that the 
negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to 
slavery for his benefit." 



—34— 

Scott claimed that inasmuch as the "Missouri 
Compromise" act of March 6, 1820, declares that 
slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crime, shall be forever prohibited 
in all that part of the territory ceded to the 
United States by France under the name of 
Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six degrees, 
thirty minutes, and not included within the limits 
of the State of Missouri, his removal by his 
master to Fort Snelling made him free. 

The Court, however, decided that every slave- 
owner, in a slave State, had a, right to remove 
and hold his slaves as such in the Louisiana ter- 
ritory; that slaves were property recognized by 
the constitution, of which the owner or master 
could not be deprived except by "due process of 
law," meaning a judicial forfeiture ; that conse- 
quently Congress could not by law prohibit the 
removal of slaves from a slave State to such ter- 
ritory, nor deprive their owner of the right to 
hold them there as such ; that as Congress could 
not enact such prohibition it could not authorize 
a Territorial Government to do so ; that the Mis- 
souri Compromise "act of Congress, which pro- 



-35- 

hibited a citizen from holding and owning prop- 
erty of this kind in the territory of the United 
States north of the line therein mentioned, is not 
warranted by the Constitution, and is therefore 
void j and that neither Dred Scott nor any of his 
family were made free by being carried into this 
territory." 

The Court also held that "as Scott was a slave 
when taken into the State of Illinois by his 
owner, and was there held as such, and brought 
back in that character, his status as free or slave 
depended on the laws of Missouri and not of 
Illinois," and so he continued to be a slave. 

On this theory the Court really went beyond 
the requirements of the case to declare — obiter 
dicta — that neither Congress nor a Territorial 
Legislature could, under the Constitution, pro- 
hibit slavery in any Territory under a Territorial 
Government. 

The inevitable logic of the entire decision 
looked to the conclusion, that- even when a new 
State should be organized in free territory, its 
Constitution could neither abolish slavery therein 
existing nor prohibit a slave owner in a slave State 



—36— 

from carrying his slaves into such new State and 
there holding them as such, and, indeed, beyond 
this, that such owner might carry his slaves into 
a free State and there hold them as such. 

But without reference to such ulterior results, 
the fallacy of the statements, reasoning and con- 
clusions of the Court, announced by the Chief 
Justice, was palpable. 

The Constitution did not "recognize" slaves as 
"property" but only as ( 'persons held to service. "* 
If a slave, carried by his owner from a slave State 
into a free territory, should thereby be declared 
free, there would be no violation of that provision 
of the Constitution which declares that "no 
person * * shall be deprived of * * 
property without due process of law,"f because 
(i) slaves were not property, and (2) if so, the 
Constitution only recognized them as a kind of 
property, depending on the local law creating 
and supporting it, and ceasing to be such prop- 

; Constitution, Article 4, sec. 2, clause 2 ; Article 1, sec. 2, clause 
3 ; Article 1, sec. 9; vol. 3, Madison's Writings 151. 
\ Article 5, Amendments to Constitution. 



—37- 

erty when taken beyond the territorial operation 
of such law. 

This view is supported by the fact that under 
the British Constitution, equally with ours, no 
person can be deprived of property except by 
"due process of law," yet the King's Bench 
declared a slave free who had been carried from 
slavery into England,* where slavery never 
existed. 

And slavery was abolished by law in several 
of the original slave States, and no court had 
ever regarded slaves of that class of property 
within the provision of the Constitution either of 
the United States or of any State* relating to 
"due process of law."f 

The Dred Scott decision was in direct opposi- 
tion to principles settled by a long line of judicial 
authorities, holding that slavery can only exist by 
positive local law ; that such law has no binding 
force beyond its own territorial limits ; and that 
hence if the owner of a slave carry him from a 

20 State Trials ; 6 Ohio St. Rep. 664 ; 8 Ohio 235. 
t As to whether the 5th Amendment related to the authority of a 
State. Barron vs. Mayor of Baltimore, 7 Peters 243-7. 



—88- 

slave State to a State or Territory where slavery 
does not exist by positive law, he is there free. * 

But the combined power and influence of 
Buchanan's administration, and of the pro-slavery 
party in Kansas and their allies, and the moral 
influence, if such it may be called, of the Supreme 
Court, were all unavailing to fasten slavery in 
any of the territory dedicated to freedom by the 
Missouri Compromise, as subsequent events 
show. 

A convention, chosen in part by violence and 
fraud, assembled at Le Compton, September 7, 
1857, adopted a State Constitution establishing 
slavery as the fundamental law of Kansas, which, 
however, was rejected by a vote of the people, 
January 4, 1858, by a majority of more than ten 
thousand, f Notwithstanding this, President 
Buchanan urged Congress to admit the State 
with this constitution ; but Congress did not 

; Lunsford vs. Coquillon, 14 Martin La. Rep. 401; Harvey vs. 
Decker, Walker Miss. Rep. 36 ; Marie Louise vs. Mariott • 8 Martin 
R. 375 ; 2 Marsha], R. 467 ; Oilman Va. Rep. 143 : Story Conflict 
Laws 7, 21-24, 95> 2 3 2 : 33*37. 2 3 2 > 4 2 ^ ; Wharton Conflict Laws 84-126. 

t For a somewhat detailed history of the contest in Kansas, see 
"The Great Conspiracy," by Gen. John A. Logan, 41-68, 274; vol. 1 
Blaine's Twenty Years 114-138; 1 Greeley's American Conflict 224-251. 
The pro-slavery men generally declined to vote. 



-39- 

venture to agree to give effect to so leckless a 
proceeding. 

Congress did, however, pass a bill introduced 
by Mr. English, and known as the "English 
bill," which was approved as the act of May 4, 
1858, for the admission of the State of Kansas into 
the Union. * 

This act proposed that a vote should be again 
taken by the voters of Kansas on the question of 
the adoption of the same constitution, and if a 
majority should favor it, then the State should be 
proclaimed by the President as admitted, but that 
if the Constitution should be rejected, that the 
people of the Territory should form another State 
Constitution. 

A convention elected by the people of Kansas 
assembled at Wyandott, July 29, 1859, did form 
a Constitution which was ratified by a vote of the 
people, October 4, 1859, with a provision therein 
that "there shall be no slavery in this State " 

This result was achieved by the heroic courage 
and indomitable perseverance of the free State 

11 U. S. Stat. 269. 



-40- 

peopie, and by the influx of citizens from free 
States opposed to slavery. 

As the Presidential election of i860 had re- 
sulted in the triumph of the Republican anti- 
slavery extension party, with the election of 
Abraham Lincoln as President, whose term 
would, as it did, commence March 4, 1861, Con- 
gress passed an act, approved January 29, 1861, 
for the admission of Kansas as a State with the 
Wyandott Constitution.* 

The Dred Scott decision had already borne 
fruits. The Territorial Legislature of New 
Mexico, in 1859, recognizing slavery as already 
existing there, passed "an act to provide for the 
protection of property in slaves, "f 

On the 2d of February, i860, Jefferson Davis 
introduced in the Senate of the United States a 
series of resolutions, declaring "that neither Con- 
gress nor a Territorial Legislature * * possess 
the power to annul or impair the constitutional 



12 U. S. Stat. 126. 
Nebraska came in as a free State under the act approved April to' 
1864, 13 U. S. Stat. 47. 
I 1 Greely's Conllict 302. 



—41— 

right of any citizen of the United States to take 
his slave property into the common territory," 
and that "it is the duty of the Federal Govern- 
ment there to afford protection for slave prop- 
erty.". He subsequently added a declaration 
that it is the right of each owner taking slaves 
into any territory to "there hold and enjoy the 
same." 

This was adopted, every Democratic Senator 
except Pugh, of Ohio, voting for it. Mr. Doug- 
las was absent. It was a final repudiation by 
the controlling element of the Democratic party 
of the Douglas doctrine of "popular sov- 
ereignty."* 

In the year i860 the Republican National Con- 
vention, which met May 17, at Chicago, nomin- 
ated Abraham Lincoln as a candidate for the 
Presidency on a platform of principles declaring, 

"That the new dogma, that the constitution of 
its own force, carries slavery into any or all of 
the territories of the United States is a dangerous 
political heresy, at variance with the explicit 
provisions of that instrument ; * * that the 

* 1 Greeley*s Conflict 306. 



-42- 

normal condition of all the territory of the 
United States is that of freedom ; that as our 
republican fathers * * ordained [in the con- 
stitution] that 'no person shall be deprived of 
liberty * without due process of law,' it 
becomes our duty by legislation, whenever such 
legislation is necessary, to maintain that provision 
of the constitution against all attempts to violate 
it ; and we deny the authority of Congress, of a 
Territorial Legislature, or of any individuals, to 
give legal existence to slavery in any territory of 
the United States. * * 

That Kansas, should of right, be immediately 
admitted as a free State. 

That the maintenance inviolate of * the 
right of each State to order and control its own 
domestic institutions [slavery] according to its 
own judgment exclusively is essential to that 
balance of powers on which the perfection and 
endurance of our political fabric depends." 

In brief, the Republican position on slavery 
then was, that under the Constitution the terri- 
tories were free ; that no power existed to estab- 
lish slavery in any territory, whether organized 
into a Territorial Government or anterior thereto, 
but that each State after its admission into the 
Union, if not in the constitution with which it 
might be admitted, could establish slavery in 
such State. 



-43— 

This did not fully meet the demands of the 
voters composing the "Free Soil party," but as 
they were in a hopeless minority, they saw, as 
sensible men, that if they accepted this platform 
and supported the Republican candidate for the 
Presidency, as they for the most part did, they, as a 
"balance of power" going to the Republicans, 
might achieve success. 

The National Democratic convention met at 
Charleston, S. C, April 23, i860. A majority 
of its Committee on Platform, as modified, de- 
clared :* 

"That the government of a Territory organized 
by an act of Congress is provisional and tem- 
porary, and during its existence all citizens of 
the United States have an equal right to settle 
with their property [slaves] in the Territory with- 
out their rights either of person or property being 
destroyed or impaired by Congressional or Terri- 
torial Legislation; that it is the duty of the 
Federal government, in all its departments, to 
protect, when necessary, the rights of persons 
and property in the Territory, and wherever else 
its constitutional authority extends." 

"That when the settlers in a Territory having 
an adequate population form a State constitution, 

1 Greeley's Conflict 310. 



the right of sovereignty commences, and, being 
consummated by admission into the Union, they 
stand on an equal footing with the people of other 
States, and the State thus organized ought to be 
admitted into the Federal Union whether its con- 
stitution prohibits or recognizes the institution of 
slavery." 

The report of the minority of the Committee on 
Platform, including most of the members from 
the free States, declares that — 

"Inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in 
the Democratic party as to the nature and extent 
of the powers of a Territorial Legislature, and as 
to the powers and duties of Congress under the 
constitution of the United States over the institu- 
tion of slavery within the territories, 

2. Resolved, That the Democratic party will 
abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court of 
the United States on the questions of Constitu- 
tional Law." 

After a long and angry debate the Minority 
Platform was adopted, April 30th. Thereupon 
the Southern delegates generally withdrew from 
the convention and organized a separate con- 
vention. 

On May 3 the remaining delegates of the 
original convention adjourned to meet in Balti- 



more, June 18th, having first recommended that 
the States whose delegates had seceded fill the 
vacancies. 

The convention, having re-assembled at Balti- 
more, nominated Stephen A. Douglas as acan- 
didate for the Presidency, and adopted a resolu- 
tion declaring — 

' 'That during the existence of the Territorial Gov- 
ernments, the measure of restriction, whatever it 
may be, imposed by the Federal Constitution, on 
the power of Territorial Legislatures over the 
subject of the domestic relations [slavery] as the 
same has been [the Dred Scott decision] or shall 
hereafter be finally determined by the Supreme 
Court of the United States, should be respected by 
all good citizens, and enforced with promptness 
and fidelity by every branch of the general gov- 
ernment." 

How vain such a declaration ! Human oppres- 
sion and injustice can never be sanctified, even 
by the Supreme Court of the United States. 
Nothing is ever settled until it is settled right — 
settled in accordance with the eternal principles 
of the Supreme Court of heaven. 

The Seceders' Convention met at Richmond, 
and adjourned to and re-assembled at Baltimore, 



—46— 

June 28th, with delegates from twenty-one States, 
and nominated John C. Breckenridge as a candi- 
date for the Presidency. 

The position he occupied in the contest is 
sufficiently shown in the minority platform 
reported at Charleston. 

The Baltimore platform, on which Douglas 
made his contest, was a cowardly dodge. 
Literally and in effect it accepted the Dred Scott 
decision, which covered all the heresies of the 
Breckenridge platform, but opened the way to 
delude voters in the free States with the idea that 
"popular sovereignty" was still in the Democratic 
party an open question. 

The "Constitutional Union" party, being the 
late "American" party, had a candidate in the 
field in the person of John Bell, of Tennessee, 
which party, without announcing any principle as 
to the Territories, was conservatively pro-slavery. 

The result of the political contest of i860 is 
well known. Abraham Lincoln was elected 
President, and was inaugurated March 4, 1861. 

The doctrines of the Dred Scott decision, of 
the resolutions of Calhoun and Davis, of the 



Charleston conventions, of the two Baltimore 
adjourned conventions, of the so-called "popular 
sovereignty" power for establishing slavery, all 
feH, thank God, to rise no more forever. 

The Republican position on slavery gained a 
signal victory. 

In most of the Southern States there was no 
electorial ticket voted for Mr. Lincoln; there was an 
overwhelming vote for Breckenridge.* Many ot 
the leading politicians and statesmen in these 
States immediately began to prepare for seces- 
sion, f South Carolina passed an ordinance of 
secession November 20, i860, and other States 
followed, until eleven States in all had in form 
seceded.]; When seven States had seceded their 
delegates met at Montgomery, February 4, 1861, 
and proceeded to organize a Provisional Govern- 
ment, under the name of "the Confederate States 
of America," with a Provisional Constitution, 



' 1 Greeley's Conflict 328 ; i Blaine 215. 

t 1 Greeley 328; 1 Blaine 214: Cooper & Fenton's American Politics, 
book 1, page S7. This latter work says the ordinance of secession was ■ 
adopted by South Carolina November 17, though, in fact, it was No- 
vember 20th (Greeley 346). 

{ Lawrence's Law of Claims, House Rep. 134, 2d session, 43d Con- 
gress 212. 



and by the election of Jefferson Davis, as Presi- 
dent, and Alexander H. Stevens, as Vice-Presi- 
dent.* This was followed by a goverment 
intended to be permanent. The first act of 
warlike hostility was committed under the 
authority of the seceded State of South Carolina 
by firing on the United States vessel, Star of the 
West, January 9, 1861, in Charleston harbor. 
The next was by the bombardment of Fort Sump. 
ter, by authority of the provisional Confederate 
Government, April 12, 1861 ; though as a 
question of international law, the great rebellion 
or civil war "commenced" with President Lin- 
coln's proclamation of blockade, April 27, 
i86i.f 

The war, thus inaugurated, continued until the 
President's proclamation of August 20, 1866, X 
though, in fact, flagrant war terminated in 1865, 
and the rebellion was suppressed. 

From the brief sketch already presented, the 
pretext for secession and rebellion must be 



k Logan's Great Conspiracy ; Cooper & Fenton 97 ; 1 Greeley 414. 
t Lawrence's Law of Claimes 207. 
1 Lawrence's Law of Claims 208. 



-49- 

apparent, for there existed neither in law nor fact 
any real cause therefor. 

The convention which adopted the first ordi- 
nance of secession presented a formal "Declara" 
tion of causes which induced the secession of 
South Carolina," the chief of which was that the 
Free States had failed to perform their constitu- 
tional obligations with respect to slavery, especi- 
ally in the non-rendition or return of fugitive 
slaves. J 

But this was not the real cause. There had, 
in fact, been no such failure by any State. The 
Supreme Court had solemnly decided that each 
slave owner might pursue his fugitive slave into 
any State, and recapture him whenever he could 
do so without a breach of the peace, and that so 
far as legal remedies were concerned for recap- 
ture, no State had any power or duty to perform, 
but that the constitution confers on Congress an 
exclusive power to legislate on the subject. For 



I i Greeley 346. This referred in part to "personal liberty laws" of 
some of the States, which, however, were of no avail in the courts of 
the United States. 1 Blaine's Book 225; Ableman v. Booth 21 
Howard U. S. Rep. 506. 



-30- 

this purpose Congress passed the acts of February 
12, 1793, and September 18, 1850.* These 
laws were executed with intense energy and 
severity by the National Govern ment. 

President Buchanan, in his last annual message 
in December, 1861, said that "no single act had 
ever passed Congress, unless the Missouri Com- 
promise be an exception [which had been 
repealed], impairing in the slightest degree the 
rights of the South to their property in slaves." 

On the 14th of November, i860, Alexander 
H. Stevens, afterwards Vice-President of the 
Confederate States, declared in a speech before 
the Legislature of Georgia : 

'T do not anticipate that Mr. Lincoln will do 
anything to jeopardize oyr safety or security. * 
He can do nothing unless he is backed by power 
in Congress. The House of Representatives is 
largely in the majority against him." 

His speech practically admitted that the people 
of the Northern States had been guilty of no wrong 
to the South. 

1 Greeley 108, 210-221 



-51- 

In the South Carolina Secession Convention 
Mr. Rhett said : 

"The secession of South Carolina is not an 
event of a day. It is not anything produced by 
Mr. Lincoln's election, or by the non-execution of 
the Fugitive Slave Law. It has been a matter 
which has been gathering head for thirty years.'' 

To this it may be added, that President Lin" 
coin, in his Inaugural Address, and prior to it, 
gave every assurance that the rights of the South 
would be respected.* 

The conclusion is inevitable : That there was 
no valid or legal cause for secession or rebellion , 
that the real reason was that the people of the 
South saw that a majority of the people of the 
United States believed that under the Constitu- 
tion slavery did not lawfully exist in any territory 
of the United States, and could not be therein 
established either by act of Congress or by a 
Territorial Legislature; that although Congress 
might admit a new State, organized in any free 

* See Logan's Great Conspiracy, 142. 



-62- 

Lerntory with a constitution establishing slavery, 
or that such State, if admitted as a free State, or 
any existing free State, might subsequently 
establish slavery, yet it was by no means probable 
that slavery would thus be created, and that 
hence there would be but little or no hope of 
the further extension of slavery ; that the slave 
power, which had practically dominated the 
National Government during nearly the whole ot 
its existence, was broken ; and that the official 
power and patronage of the Government would, 
in all probability, in the future be wielded by 
those entertaining the anti-slavery views which 
prevailed in the Presidential election of i860, and 
hence that the ambition of pro-slavery Southern 
men for office could not be in future as fully 
gratified as theretofore, and as they desired. 

To a certain extent, an attempt was made by 
Southern men to justify secession and rebellion 
on the ground that the election of Abraham Lin- 
coln, as President, and the ascendancy of the 
Republican party would endanger the existence 
of slavery in the then slave States, and imperil 



-33- 

the return of fugitive slaves, but they were 
groundless pretenses. 

So far as the claim was concerned, that slavery 
was prohibited in the Territories by the Constitu- 
tion, slave holders could still appeal to the courts 
for whatever of protection they could give. But 
it is true that if the government passed into the 
control of the Republican party, such preposter- 
ous claim would receive no support from Con- 
gress, and the President and Senate in process ot 
time could, by the appointment of new judges, 
as those in office died or retired, or by the 
enlargement of the Supreme Court, procure a 
reversal of the Dred Scolt decision, and that 
thereby judicial decisions would be made that 
slavery could not be lawfully established in any 
Territory. 

To this extent the claims of the pro slavery 
men were in peril, but it was only that which 
results from all popular government, that the will 
of the majority expressed in the forms required 
by the Constitution and laws must prevail. 

Secession and rebellion were thei efore a revolt 



against popular government, a denial and sub- 
version of the fundamental principle of all 
Republican government. * 

This leads to a consideration of the grounds 
urged to justify secession and rebellion. 

These have in most respects already been 
shown. They rest on the resolutions drafted by 
James Madison, adopted by the Legislature of 
Virginia in December, 1798, and the address to 
the people which accompanied them ; on the 
resolutions drafted by Thomas Jefferson, adopted 
by the Legislature of Kentucky in November, 
1798 ; on resolutions adopted by the Legislature 
of Kentucky in November, 1799;* on Madison's 
report to the Virginia House of Delegates at the 
session of 1799-1800,! and on teachings derived 
from these, by the school of statesmen, politicians 
and jurists known as "States Rights" men 
through our whole history. 

The sole reason fur secession was the failure of the South to con- 
trol the government. The threat was made that £/ Lincoln was elected 
secession would occur. Logan's Great Conspiracy 96. 

* Cooper & Kenton's American Politics, book 2, pages 3-14; vol. 4 
Writings of Madison 506 ; President Buchanan's message to Congress 
l)ecein!"i ,, 

1 4 Madison's Writings 515-555. 



— 55- 

Among the political heresies thus taught were 
these : 

i. — That "the powers of the federal govern- 
ment" result from a "compact to which the States 
are parties;"* in other words, that "the United 
States of America" is a mere league of States ; 
that the Constitution is like a treaty between 
sovereign and independent Nations. 

2. — That in case Congress or other authority of 
the United States should be guilty of a "delib- 
erate, palpable and dangerous exercise of other 
powers not granted by said compact, the States 
* have the right and are in duty bound to 
interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, 
and for maintaining within their respective limits 
the authorities, rights and liberties appertaining 
to them"f — that is, any State may nullify % an act 
of Congress, or secede from the Union. 

3. — That "this government, created by this 
compact, was not made the exclusive or final 
judge of the extent of the powers delegated to 

* Kentucky resolutions. 
t Idem. 

See South Carolina Nullification Ordinance ; 1 Greeley's Con 
flict 93. 



-36- 

itself * * but that l * each party has an 
equal right to judge for itself, as well of infrac- 
tions as of the mode and measure of redress"* — 
that is, that each State may adjudge the action of 
Congress, the President, and the decisions of the 
Supreme Court illegal and void, and by force 
disregard them. 

4. — That the allegiance which each citizen 
owes to the State of his residence is higher than 
that which he owes to the United States, and he 
is bound to obey and follow the decision and 
action of his State as against that of the United 
States, its officers and its courts f — that is, if any 
State nullifies an act of Congress and resists it 
by force, all citizens of the State are bound to 
aid in the resistance, and if a State secedes or 
rebels, its citizens are bound to aid the rebellion. 

5. — That if any State or States secede and 
organize rebellion, the United States has no 
power to suppress it by force of arms. 

• Kentucky resolutions. 

f Governor Hayne said in his message to the Legislature of South 
Carolina in 1832, "I recognize no allegiance as paramount to that which 
the citizens of South Carolina owe to the State of their birth or adop- 
tion." 1 Greeley's Conflict 93. 



President Buchanan, in his message to Con- 
gress, December 3, i860, put and answered the 
question thus : 

"Has the Constitution delegated to Congress 
the power to coerce a State into submission which 
is attempting to withdraw, or has actually with- 
drawn, from the Confederacy ? . * I have 
arrived at the conclusion that no such power has 
been delegated to Congress or to any other 
department of the Federal Government." 

Jeremiah S. Black, then Attorney General, 
also gave President Buchanan an opinion Novem- 
ber 20, i860, sustaining the view stated. He 
said : 

"Whether Congress has the constitutional 
right to make war against one or more States, 
and require the Executive of the Federal Govern- 
ment to carry it on by means of force to be 
drawn from the other States is a question for 
Congress itself to consider. It must be admitted 
that no such power is expressly given, nor are 
there any words in the Constitution which imply 
it. * * The Union must totally perish at the 
moment when Congress shall arm one part of the 
people against another for any purpose beyond 
that of merely protecting the General Govern- 
ment in the exercise of its proper constitutional 
functions."* 

* See vol. 9 Opinions of Attorneys General; Cooper and Fentun nf, i 
1 Greeley's Conflict 371. 



— S8— 

6. — On the subject of slavery the doctrines of 
the Dred Scott decision were maintained by the 
States Rights advocates. 

7. — They affirmed that the public lands were 
held by the United States as the agent of the 
States to be disposed of for their benefit.* 

In opposition to these "States Rights" theories 
it was maintained : 

1. — That the powers of the government of the 



* Jefferson Davis, in his article on Calhoun, in the September number, 
1S87, of the North American Review, page 257, said : "In regard to the 
territories outside of the limit of any State, there were three divisions 
of opinion. The one, that they belonged to the United States, and 
consequently that the citizens of every State, with every species of 
property recognized by the United States, had equal right therein ; 
another, that they belonged to the immigrants who should settle there- 
on ; and another, that the United States Government had proprietary 
right over them. This last form of opmion, which has grown with the 
political decadence of our time, was in 1850 the least dangerous because 
it was then, as it is now, the least defensible. "The general government 
was formed to be the agent of the States, for specific purposes, and 
with enumerated powers; it was penniless, could only collect revenue 
as the agent of the Stated, and as the agent of the States only had the 
means or authority to acquire anything. The authority conferred upon 
Congress to "dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations 
respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United 
States," applied equally to the public lands within the new States, as 
to the outlying territories, save and except such regulations as might be 
necessary in the outlying territories with a view to the exercise of the 
granted power. The arguments of Mr. Calhoun were directed to sup 
port the first named opinion, and to demonstrate the fallacy of the 
other two." 



-59— 

United States of America are derived from the 
Constitution of the United States ; that the Con- 
stitution is not a compact between States, but was 
created by "the people of the United States," 
acting through their Representatives, and it and 
the laws of Congress operate on the people 
directly. 

2. — That no State has any right or lawful 
power to interpose for arresting the operation of 
the Constitution or laws of the United States, or 
for rt sisting the action of the officers thereof. 

3. — That the government created by the Con 
stitution is the sole and final judge of the extent 
of its powers. 

4. — That the allegiance which each citizen 
owes to the United States is higher than that 
which he owes to the State of his residence, and 
he is bound to obey the former instead of the 
latter in case of conflict. 

5. — That the United States may lawfully sup- 
press by force of arms all insurrection and all 
resistance to its laws, to its officers and to its 
authority, and coerce obedience thereto. In 



— 60— 

other words, that the war for the suppression of 
the rebellion was authorized, and the soldiers and 
sailors who fought for that purpose performed a 
rightful, sacred and holy duty.* 

6. — On the subject of slavery the position of 
political parties as they existed in i860 has been 
stated. 

7. — The United States has proprietary rights 
in all the public lands, is the absolute owner 
thereof, and is charged with no trust, but has full 
power to make all needful rules and regulations 
concerning same.* 

The suppression of the rebellion and the adop- 
tion of the XIII, XIV and XV Amendments to 
the Constitution have made important changes 
in the interpretation of the Constitution, in the 
rights of citizens, in the structure and powers of 



These principles are supported by the commentaries on the Con- 
stitution of Rawle, Sergeant, Story, Baldwin, Duane, John Adams, Far- 
rar, Paschal and other works, as in the debates in Congress through our 
whole history. 

t The Constitution requires Congress "to guarantee to every State 
in the Union a Republican form of government." Art. 4, sec. 4. 

* Constitution, Article 1, section 8, last clause. Of course, the 
powers here given can not lie changed by any limitation imposed by a 
State, except as to its lands granted to the United States. See Deed 
of Cession of Virginia to the United States 



-61- 

ihe government, and in its practical adminis. 
tration. 

It is not practicable now to trace the history or 
state the terms or effect c f these. It may be said 
that slavery has been abolished, that its re-estab- 
lishment has been prohibited by constitutional 
provision ; that all citizens now are entitled to 
enjoy equal civil and political rights ; that the 
"States Rights" heresies, already described, have 
been discarded, and the government of the 
United States is "of the people, by the people 
and for the people." The experiment of Repub- 
lican government is not a failure — it is a splendid 
success. The Union did not perish, as predicted, 
by the arming of loyal soldiers to suppress a 
gtoundless and unjustifiable rebellion. On the 
contrary, "when the storming was over, the stars 
and the stripes on our flag were all there." 

The dictates of interest, of our civilization, and 
of humanity, all unite in admonishing the present 
and the generations to come, that the heroic 
courage of all American citizens during the great 
conflict may be recognized ; that the honesty of 



—62- 

the great mass of those who, under the influence 
of bad political teachings, and a mistaken belief 
in terrible heresies, so wrongfully and unjustly 
engaged in rebellion may be conceded, while we 
deplore their errors ; that eternal gratitude is due 
to the heroes and patriotic men who bore the 
banner of the Republic and rightfully fought 
under its folds in a just and holy cause ; that the 
Nation should fulfil its obligations to them, their 
widows and orphans, and that for all future time 
fraternity and good will among all the people 
who accept the results of the war and cherish 
the principles of a renovated constitution should 
be sacredly inculcated and maintained. 

Animated by sentiments like these, we may 
fondly hope that the Republic may endure 
forever.* 

WILLIAM LAWRENCE. 

Bellefontaine, Ohio, June 2, 1888. 

* This introduction has heen written at the request of the learned 
and able writer of the following chapters, the manuscript of which I 
have not had an opportunity to read. W. L. 



My First Visit to the Army. 



CHAPTER I. 

The battle of Kernstown, Va. , was fought 
March 23, 1S62. Several of my neighbors and 
friends were among the killed and wounded. I 
immediately determined to go and look after the 
wounded and see that the dead were properly 
buried. The day after the battle I started for 
Winchester, Va. As I passed through Colum- 
bus I called on Gov. Tod, who received me very 
cordially. He requested me to bring him a 
detailed report of the killed and wounded belong- 
ing to Ohio regiments who were engaged in the 
battle. I reached Winchester the third day after 
the battle. Going immediately to the hospital I 
found my friends who were, reported as wounded. 
My presence seemed to do them much good. I 
at once offered my services to help dress the 



wounds of the suffering and care for them in any 
way. My offer was accepted, and I went to 
work, dressing all kinds of wounds, made by 
musket balls and fragments of shells. O ! how 
grateful these suffering soldiers were for a little 
kind attention that was given them. I was called 
to the dying couches of many wounded soldiers, 
both Union and Confederate, to administer to 
them the consolation of the Christian religion in 
the dying hour. I remember an Indiana soldier 
who called me, as I was passing, to his cot. He 
had just had a limb amputated. He said to me : 
"Sir, lam dying; please write to -my mother. 
Tell her you saw me die. I gave my life for my 
country. I do not regret it." Being very weak 
from loss of blood, he paused a little and then 
added : "Please tell my mother not to grieve 
over the death of her first born son, and assure 
her that I died trusting in Christ Jesus, my Lord, 
for salvation." After dictating the foregoing, as 
his dying message to his widowed mother, he 
seemed much exhausted ; but he rallied again in 
a few minutes, and then said to me : "Please 
see that I receive a Christian burial." The last 



audible words that this noble, intelligent, Chris- 
tian soldier uttered were — "Lord Jesus, my 
Savior, receive my soul. Although I am sinful 
and unworthy, all my trust is in Thee." In less 
than five minutes after he uttered this prayer he 
was dead. Next day I endeavored to comply 
with his request by giving him a Christian burial 
in the old graveyard adjoining the old stone 
Lutheran meeting house at Winchester, Va. 

I soon learned that the true way to reach the 
heart of the sick and wounded soldier was by. 
first trying to make him physically comfortable. 
It was illustrated time and again that the heart 
could be most successfully reached by way of the 
stomach. Some chaplains never seemed to learn 
this fact, and hence had but little influence over 
the common soldier. This was illustrated in my 
presence in one of the wards of the hospital at 
Winchester. A certain chaplain, who had not 
labored to alleviate the sufferings of the wounded 
and dying, came into the ward with his kid gloves 
on, having in his hand a package of religious 
tracts. In a very sanctimonious way he went 
from cot to cot, giving each suffering soldier a 



—67- 

tract, and at the same time addressing what I 
suppose he thought were pious words to each 
soldier. As he opened the door to go out each 
soldier, having wadded his tract into a ball, 
threw it after him, saying: "We have no need 
of these tracts and pious words from him as long 
as he seems to care nothing about our comfort in 
the hospital." 

Now had that chaplain first come into the 
hospital, taken off his kid gloves, and helped to 
"bind up the wounds, pouring in the oil and 
wine," he would have been successful in distribut- 
ing tracts and speaking pious words to them. 

One thing I soon learned, that soldiers despised 
all kinds of religious cant. 

I was somewhat acquainted with the people of 
Winchester befpre the war. I called at the resi- 
dences of a few of my acquaintances, but most of 
them were away from home. I called at the 
stately mansion of Hon. James Mason, with one 
of his former political friends, but he was not at 
home, and my impression is that he never re- 
turned to occupy his magnificent home again, 
for it was soon after this torn down by the Union 



-68- 

soldiers, not one stone left upon the other. 

Anxious to see more of the movements of the 
army, I secured transportation up the valley. 

I found the army encamped at the narrow 
passage beyond Woodstock, the county seat of 
Shenandoah county, Va. The army was making 
ready for an onward movement. Here I met 
many of my old friends and relations. I found 
some of them Union to the core, whilst others 
were bitter Confederates. Families and friends 
were divided and hostile to each other. I was 
kindly received, however, by most all of my 
friends. One lady friend found great fault with 
Major Dom, who commanded an Indiana battery. 
She said "he was no gentleman, for he fired his 
cannons right at the Confederate soldiers, and 
they were trying their very best, to get away." 
She added : "He might have hurt some of them 
by his reckless shooting." I apologized for 
Major Dom by telling her that he was a "dum 
Dutchman," not able to give a command in good 
English; "but, aunty," I inquired, "how did it 
happen that the Confederates fired cannon shots 
at the Union troops ?', She replied : "Oh! they 



-69- 

fired over their heads ; they only meant to frighten 
the Yankees, and keep them from following our 
men." 

I spent a memorable night at Woodstock. 
Generals Shields and Banks invited me to be 
present at a council of war meeting. The meet- 
ing was held in the elegant mansion of Mark 
Bird, Esq. This for a few days was the head- 
quarters of the Union Generals of the army of the 
Shenandoah. The proprietor was not at home ; 
he had gone further south to look after some of 
his rights he fancied he had lost. 

The council of war lasted nearly all night. 
The plan was to move on and capture General 
Jackson and his army at Mt. Jackson. The plan 
was for the army to separate, forming two divi. 
sions. The division on the right was to leave the 
pike near Edinburg, taking the mud road to a 
point near Forestville, then to make a detour 
so as to get back on the pike in the rear of the 
Confederate army. The Shenandoah river and a 
range of mountains on the left made it impossible 
to retreat in that direction. The main division 
of the army was to keep on the pike, and at the 



— 70- 

giving of a signal the attack was to have been 
made at daybreak from the front and rear. But 
orders were received from headquarters forbid- 
ing an advance of the army of the Shenandoah. 
This was evidently a serious blunder. There is 
no doubt in my mind had the plan adopted by 
the council of war at Woodstock been carried out 
Gen. Jackson and his army would have been 
captured at Mt. Jackson. When the army of the 
Shenandoah was permitted to advance it was 
found that the Confederate army had just re- 
treated from Mt. Jackson farther south. 

I now found it necessary to return homeward. 
I called on Gov. Tod, at Columbus, Ohio, furn- 
ishing him with a detailed report of the killed 
and wounded Ohio soldiers that took part in the 
battle at Kernstown, Va. He seemed much 
pleased with the report I gave him. He insisted 
upon my returning to the army to look after the 
Ohio soldiers in the various hospitals. I agreed 
to do so, and soon I became fully identified with 
the benevolent work the Governor directed me to 
do in his stead. When I got home I found all 
kinds of rumors about the war and the object 



sought to be accomplished afloat. Some ignorant 
people were made to believe it was mainly to free 
the negroes and bring them all north and put 
them on social equality with the whites. One 
poor maiden lady, who had not been successful 
in capturing a husband, though she was now 
over two score years old, came to me, appar- 
ently in deep distress, saying : "Our preacher 
(he was the veritable old Nasby) told us that the 
niggars are all to be freed, and they will come up 
here and we will be compelled to marry niggars." 
She added, "I don't think I could stand it." I 
assured her that she was in no danger. Another 
poor fellow, in whose eyes evidently a dime 
looked as big as a wagon wheel, came to me, 
deeply agitated, with the inquiry : "Can't you 
men do something to stop this expensive war ? 
It will break up the Nation pretty soon if it is not 
stopped. Why, I reckon it has cost a thousand 
dollars already." This was during the second 
year of the war. Such were the crude ideas of 
some people in some sections of the State in 
regard to the war. I have always blamed the 
political leaders most for the disloyal acts of the 



—72 - 

common people, for they in many instances were 
evidently the dupes of designing men. Many 
were disloyal through shere ignorance. Now, it 
seems to me, there is less excuse for sympathy 
with rebellion, the aim of which was to break up 
the best government on earth. Had the rebellion 
been successful ? What then ! We can only 
conjecture what the result must have been. This 
Union of States torn into fragments ; in all proba- 
bility there would now be at least four petty 
republics, organized upon selfish principles, hav- 
ing no oceans, lakes or mountains as natural 
boundaries. The clashing interests of these petty 
governments would doubtless have engendered 
interminable contests, war and blood shed. Let 
us thank the God of Nations for the preservation 
of the Federal government, though it cost many 
precious lives and much treasure. Who would 
not freely give all that it cost for the good govern- 
ment which is preserved to us and the genera- 
tions we trust that are still unborn. I may be 
allowed to say that I labored and sacrificed some 
little for the preservation of the government. 
And now, when I close my eyes in death, I have 



-73- 

the assurance that I hand down to my posterity 
the blessings of a good government. My prayer 
is that my posterity may ever appreciate what 
was done for them in the preservation of the gov- 
ernment of these United States. May they with 
fervent hearts and strong hands ever defend and 
perpetuate the noble institutions inseparably con- 
nected with this good government. 



Battles, Skirmishes and Bombardments. 



CHAPTER II. 

The author of these reminiscences of our late 
war will not here attempt to enumerate the causes 
that led to the rebellion, but simply aim to give 
his readers a brief account of some of the occur- 
rences, many of which came under his own 
observation. 

In this chapter he aims to give a brief, but 
accurate, account of the various battles, skirm- 
ishes and bombardments of the war. It will be 
seen that the war of the rebellion assumed gigan- 
tic proportions during the four years of its con- 
tinuance. Several millions of brave soldiers were 
martialled on the different battle-fields. More 
than one thousand engagements, in which the 
Union and Confederate soldiers were brought 
into bloody conflict, took place during the war. 
The war cost the government not less than three 
billions of dollars in money. It will be seen that 
Virginia became the. threshing floor of the war; 



— 75- 

many of the battles were fought on the sacred 
soil of Virginia. The first and last battle of the 
war was fought on Virginia soil. 

The war doubtless had its origin at Fort Sump- 
ter, S. C. The first gun that was fired at Fort 
Sumpter in Charleston harbor, April 12th, 1861, 
thrilled the whole Nation from Maine to Georgia, 
from ocean to ocean. 

Fort Sumpter was in the charge of Maj. Robert 
Anderson. He had a force of about 50 officers 
and privates all told under him in the Fort. The 
Confederates, under Gen. Beauregard, had a 
force of about 6,000 or 7,000. The bombard- 
ment continued two days. The Fort was set on 
fire by the hot shot that were fired by the enemy, 
and Major Anderson, after a heroic defense, was 
compelled to surrender. His loss was one man 
killed by the bursting of a gun in the Fort. We 
suppose the Confederates sustained no loss in 
this bombardment, which was really the begin- 
ning of active hostilities between the North and 
the South. 

The first real battle, however, that was fought 
between the Union and Confederate armies was 



—70- 

at Philippi, West Virginia, June 3, 1861. There 
were two regiments of Union soldiers under the 
command of Gen. Kelly, and two regiments of 
Confederate soldiers under the command of Gen. 
Garnett. The battle resulted in a victory for the 
Union side, only four or five Union soldiers 
killed and several wounded. Gen. Kelly was 
severely wounded. The Confederate loss, 15 
killed, 45 wounded, and quite a number taken 
prisoners. A large amount of army stores and 
equipage were abandoned by the Confederates. 

The battle of Big Bethel, Va. , was fought 
June 10th, 1861. The Union soldiers, under the 
command of Gen. Pearce, numbered 2,000. The 
Confederates numbered about 1,800. The 
Union loss, 16 killed and 34 wounded. The 
Confederate loss not ascertained. This was 
called a drawn battle, but this battle evidently 
resulted in faVor of the Confederates. 

There was a mere skirmish at Cole's Camp, 
Mo., June 16, 186 1. A detachment of Confed 
erate soldiers made an attack upon a company of 
Union Home Guards, killing 10, wounding 
several and taking 30 prisoners. 



There was a battle fought at Hainesville, West 
Virginia, July 2, 1861. About 5,000 Confed- 
erates, under General Johnston, attacked a 
division of General Paterson's brigade. The 
Confederates, after a fierce contest, which lasted 
several hours, retreated to Martinsburg, Va. 
Their loss was 85 killed and wounded. The 
Union side lost three killed and 1 1 wounded. 

The battle of Carthage, Missouri, was fought 
July 5, 1 86 1. This battle was an unequal one 
as to numbers. There were only about 1,500 
Union soldiers, under Gen. Seigel, whilst there 
were about 6,000 Confederate soldiers, 
under General Parsons and Reins. The Union 
forces were defeated with only a small loss — 14 
killed and 28 wounded. It is estimated that the 
Confederates must have lost at least 500 killed 
and wounded in this battle. Here Gen. Seigel 
demonstrated his ability to conduct a successful 
retreat without loss. 

The battle of Rich Mountain, Va., was fought 
July n, 1 86 1. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Rosecrantz, about 2,000 
strong. The Confederates, under Gen. Pegram, 



—78— 

about i, 800 strong. The battle and skirmishing 
lasted several days. The Union forces gained a 
decided victory. The losses of the Confederates 
were about 200 killed and a large number 
wounded; 800 surrendered as prisoners of war. 
The Unionists lost 13 killed and about 45 
wounded. 

The battle of Carrick's Ford, Va., was fought 
July 15, 1 86 1. The Confederate forces, under 
the command of Gen. Garnett, numbering about 
10,000, and the Union forces, under the com- 
mand of Gen. Morris, numbering 10,000 to 
12,000. The contest was sharp, but of short 
duration. Immediately after the death of Gen. 
Garnett, who fell whilst leading his forces to 
battle, the Confederates retired from the field of 
conflict. What the Confederates lost in killed 
and wounded is not known. The Union loss was 
very small, not over eight or ten killed and 
wounded. Had Gen. Garnett not fallen so soon 
in the action, this doubtless would have been a 
prolonged struggle between the two forces nearly 
equal in numbers. 

The battle of Blackburn Ford, Va. , was fough t 



—79— 

July 1 8, 1 86 1. The Union forces were under 
the command of Colonel Richardson, consisting 
of a brigade. The Confederate forces were 
superior in numbers. The contest lasted about 
three hours, when the Union forces were ordered 
to retreat to Centerville. The Union loss was 
20 killed and 64 wounded and missing. The 
Confederate loss was between 60 and 70 killed 
and wounded. 

The first battle of Bull Run, Va , was fought 
July 21, 1 86 1. This was an important battle, as 
it illustrated to some extent the undoubted 
bravery of both sides. Gen. McDowell com- 
manded the Union forces, numbering about 
30,000 soldiers. Generals Beauregard and 
Joseph E. Johnston commanded the Confederate 
forces, numbering about 35,000, after the rein- 
forcements were brought from Menassas Junction 
into the fight. The Union soldiers fought 
bravely during the first part of the battle, but 
when Johnston's fresh soldiers came upon the 
field of the conflict, the Union soldiers, to'a cer- 
tain extent, became panic-stricken and fled 
toward Washington in great disorder. An eye- 



-80— 

witness said "that this retreat beggars descrip- 
tion." The Union loss in killed was near 500; 
number wounded about 1,000, the number missing 
about 1,400. The Confederate loss in killed is 
set down at 380, wounded 1,500, missing about 
40 or 50. 

The Union army lost a large amount of guns, 
ammunition and army stores. This signal defeat 
was doubtless a great advantage to the Union 
cause in the end. It developed several impor- 
tant facts which the Unionists needed to know. 
This battle was doubtless the death knell of Amer- 
ican slavery. The plans of warfare were materi- 
ally changed after the defeat at Bull Run. The 
Union officials began to realize the huge propor- 
tions of the rebellion, and the necessity of 
extensive and vigorous preparations to put down 
the rebellion. The Confederates, as several of 
them expressed it, "learned at Bull Run bat- 
tle that the Yankees would fight like demons 
when pressed." The success of the Confederates 
at Bull Run. thrilled the whole South with the 
assurance of success. Had the Union forces 
e en successful at Bull Run, the war would 



-81- 

doubtless have been of comparative short dura- 
tion and slavery remained intact. We claim that 
the defeat of the Union army in this, the first 
great battle of the war, was a blessing in disguise. 

The battle of Dug Springs, Mo., was fought 
August 3, 1861. Gen. Lyon commanded the 
Union forces, and Gen. Rains commanded the 
Confederates. The forces were about equal on 
each side. The Union side gained a complete 
victory, losing 8 killed and 36 wounded. We 
have not been able to ascertain the Confederate loss. 

The battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., was fought 
August 16, 1 86 1. The Union forces under Gen. 
Lyon numbered about 5,000. There were about 
from 8,000 to 10,000 Confederates, commanded 
by Generals McCullough and Price. This was a 
fierce conflict. At the end of about seven hours' 
fighting the brave and much esteemed Gen. 
Lyon was killed. The Union forces, immedi- 
ately after the death of their leader, retired to 
Springfield, Mo. The Union loss in killed, 
wounded and missing was 1,350. The Confed- 
erate loss was in killed, wounded and missing 
1,760. 



A skirmish at Charleston, Mo., August 21, 
1 86 1. Col. Dougherty with a small force of 
Union soldiers put to flight a much larger force 
of Confederates. 

The battle of Summerville, or Cross Lanes, 
West Virginia, was fought August 6, 1861. The 
Seventh Regiment, O. V. I., under Col. E. B. 
Tyler, whilst at breakfast, were surprised by a 
Confederate force, under the command of Gen. 
Floyd. They fought their way out and escaped 
with a comparatively small loss. 

The capture of Fort Hatteras, N. C, occurred 
August 29, 1 86 1. The Union naval squadron 
was under the command of Commodore String- 
ham, and a small land force under Gen. Butler. 
The fort, in the hands of the Confederates, was 
under the command of Commodore Barron. The 
Confederate loss was 49 killed, 52 wounded. 
The fort contained 29 cannons, over 1,000 stand 
of arms, and a large amount of army stores. 
The Union side lost few, if any, in this capture of 
Fort Hatteras. 

The battle of Carnifax Ferry, Va. , was fought 
September 1, 1861. The Union forces, number- 



-83- 

ing about 5,000, were under the command of 
Gen. Rosecranz. The Confederates, numbering 
about 6,000, were under the command of Gen. 
Floyd. The fighting continued for several hours, 
and then during the night the Confederates re- 
tired, leaving behind a large amount of army 
stores. The Union loss in killed 15 and 70 
wounded. The Confederates sustained but a 
small loss in killed and wounded. 

The battle of Boonville, Mo., was fou fc ht Sep- 
tember 1, 1 86 1, between a regiment of Union 
soldiers and a regiment of Confederate soldiers. 
The Union forces were victorious. 

The battle of Cheat Mountain, Va. , was fought 
September 12, 1861. The Union forces were 
under the command of Gen. Reynolds, numbering 
about 8,000. The Confederate forces were under 
the command of Gen. Lee, about 9,000 strong. 
The conflict was sharp and lasted several days. 
The Confederates retired, having lost Col. Wash- 
ington killed, and about 100 killed besides. The 
Union side lost 9 killed and 12 wounded. The 
Union forces were sheltered by the mountain 
pass, in which they held their position. 



-84- 

Tne battle of Lexington, the capital of Mis- 
souri, was fought September 21, 1861. The 
Union forces were under the command of Col. 
Mulligan, numbering all told 2,400. They were 
attacked by about 10,000 Confederates under the 
command of General Price. Mulligan bravely 
maintained his position for several days, expect- 
ing reinforcements, but no help came, and, being 
almost destitute of water, was compelled to sur- 
render. His men were paroled. He lost 38 
killed, 120 wounded. A large amount of army 
stores fell into the hands of the Confederates. 
Gen. Price only held Lexington a few days. 

The battle of Chapmanville, W. Va., was 
fought October 2, 1861. Col. Envarts attacked 
a body of Confederate soldiers and defeated 
them, killing and wounding 8 and taking 47 
prisoners. The Union side lost 4 killed and 8 
wounded. 

The battle of Greenbrier, W. Va., was fought 
October 2, 186 1. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Reynolds, numbering 
5,000. The Confederate forces were under the 
command of Gen. Lee, numbering about 12,000. 



This was mainly an artilery fight. The Confed- 
erates were driven out of some of their intrench- 
ments with heavy loss. The Union side lost 8 
killed and 32 wounded. The Confederates lost a 
number killed and wounded and over 100 pris- 
oners and a number of horses and army equipments. 

The battle of Chicamacomico was fought 
October 4, 1861. This was a contest between 
the 20th Indiana regiment and a detachment of 
Confederates under Col. Barton. The Union 
forces were compelled to retreat with serious loss. 

The skirmish at Flemington, W. Va. , October^ 
6, 1 86 1, resulted in the defeat of the Confeder- 
ates without serious loss to the either side. 

The battle of Santa Rosa Island, Florida, was 
fought October 9, 1861. The Confederates 
attacked Union forces, but were soon defeated. 
The Union loss was 13 killed and 21 wounded. 
The Confederate loss is not known. 

A skirmish at River Bridge, Mo. , was fought 
October 15, 1861. The Confederates, under 
Col. Jeff. Thompson, numbering 600, captured 
the Union forces, numbering 300, and destroyed 
the bridge. 



—86- 

The battle of Ball's Bluff, Va., was fought 
October 21, 1861. The Union forces were under 
the command of Col. Baker, numbering about 
2,000. The Confederate forces numbered about 
4,000. After a sharp contest of several hours, 
Col. Baker having been killed, the Union forces 
retired from the field. Their loss was 223 killed, 
260 wounded, and 455 taken prisoners. The 
Confederate loss was about 350 killed and 
wounded. 

The battle of Camp Wild Cat, Ky. , was fought 
October 21, 1861. The Union forces, under 
Gen. Schoepf and Col. Steadman, numbered 
about 7,000. The Confederates were under Gen. 
Zollikoffer, numbered about 6,000. This was a 
sharp contest. The Confederates retreated, 
losing about 1,000 killed, wounded and prisoners. 
The Union loss was 4 killed and 2 1 wounded. 

The battle of Romney, Va., was fought Octo- 
ber 25, 1861. The Union forces, under Gen. 
Kelly, and an equal force of Confederates, had 
a severe contest, which lasted several hours, and 
resulted in the defeat of the Confederates with a 
loss of 450 prisoners and their camp equipage. 



—87— 

The battle of Springfield, Mo., was fought 
October 26, 1861. The Union forces were under 
Gen. Fremont. Here Major Zagonyi, of Fre- 
mont's staff, distinguished himself by charging 
upon a body of 3,000 Confederates with a detach- 
ment of 150 men. The Confederates were panic- 
stricken, and lost 106 killed and 27 prisoners. 
Major Zagonyi leturned with but 80 of his men 
that were urhurt. 

A skirmish at Frederickstown, Mo., was fought 
October 26, 1861. A force of Union soldiers 
defeated a body of Confederates. The Union 
side lost 6 killed and 60 wounded. The Confed- 
erate loss is not known. 

The capture of Beaufort, S. C, took place 
November 7, 1861. The Union naval force was 
under the command of Commodore Dupont, and 
the other Union forces under the command of 
Gen. Sherman. They had a force of 15,000 
men. The capture of forts Walker and Bu- 
reaugard was accomplished without a pro- 
longed struggle. The Confederates retreated 
hastily. The Union forces captured Beaufort 
and Hilton Island at the same time. The Union 



—88— 

loss was 8 killed and 25 wounded. The Confed- 
erate loss was doubtless very great. They left 
behind them a large amount of army equipage. 

The battle of Belmont, Mo., was fought No- 
vember 7, 1 86 1. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Grant, numbering about 
3,000; the Confederates, under the command 
of Gen. Polk, numbering 6,000. This was Gen. 
Grant's first battle. The engagement lasted 
several hours. It was a drawn battle. The 
Union forces withdrew with a loss of 84 killed, 
288 wounded and 235 missing. The Confed- 
erate loss in killed and wounded was not less 
than 1,000 men. 

A skirmish at Guyendotte, Va., November 10, 
1 86 1, resulted in a Union victory. 

There was a fight at Pensacola, November 23, 
1 86 1. The U. S, war vessels Niagara and Colo- 
rado did the bombarding. 

There was a fight at Salem, Mo., November 
30, 1 86 1, between a detachment of Union sol- 
diers and a small body of Confederates. The 
latter retreated with a loss of 39 killed and 
wounded. 



—89— 

There was a bombirdment at Freestone, Va., 
December 9, 1861. Several Union gunboats 
took part in shelling the batteries of the Confed- 
erates. They were soon put to silence, and the 
buildings, containing a large amount of stores, 
were destroyed. 

There was a fight at Camp Alleghany, Va., 
December 13, 1861, under the command of Gen. 
Milroy, who defeated a body of Confederates 
under the command of Col. Johnston. The 
Union loss was 21 killed and 107 wounded. The 
loss for the Confederates is not known. 

The battle of Mumfordsville, Ky., was fought 
December 17, 1861. A detachment of Union 
soldiers, under Gen. Willich, attacked a force ot 
3,000 under the Confederate Gen. Hindman, and 
vanquished them completely. The Union loss 
was 10 killed and 17 wounded. The Confed- 
erate loss was 62 killed and no wounded. 

The battle at Oceola, Mo., was fought Decem- 
ber 17, 1 86 1. The Union forces, under the 
command of Gen. Pope, consisting of three 
brigades, surprised the Confederate camp, secur- 
ing 1,500 prisoners and a large number of guns, 



— 90— 

horses, wagons and camp equipage. The Union 
loss was 2 killed and 17 wounded. The Confed- 
erate loss in killed and wounded was not men- 
tioned. 

The battle at Dramsville, Va., was fought 
December 20, 1861. The Union forces were 
under the command of Gen. Ord. He had a 
brigade. The Confederate forces were under the 
command of Gen. Stuart. The Union soldiers, 
after a fierce contest of several hours, gained a 
victory. The Union side lost 7 killed and 61 
wounded. The Confederates lost 43 killed and 
143 wounded. 

The battle at Mt Zion, Mo. , fought December 
28, 1 86 1, resulted in favor of the Union side. 
The Union loss was 3 killed and 1 1 wounded. 
The Codfederate loss is unknown. 

This ends the first year of the war. The con- 
test began at Fort Sumpter, April 12, 1861. The 
first real battle of the war was fought at Philippi, 
W. Va., June 3, 1861. From April 12th to Jan- 
uary 1st, 1862, there were 42 battles and skirm- 
ishes fought, mostly on Virginia and Missouri 
soil thus far. 



The Battles and Skirmishes daring 1562. 



A naval fight at Fort Pickins, S. C, occurred 
January i, 1862. A small Union force, under 
Gen. Stevens, from Beaufort, assisted the gun- 
boats in capturing Fort Pickins. Fort Pickings 
was under the command of Gen. Bragg. The 
Confederates retired, losing 2 killed and 8 
wounded. 

A battle was fought at Huntersville, W. Va., 
January 4, 1861. Gen. Milroy commanded the 
Union forces, and made an attack upon the Con- 
federate forces and captured their camp. 

The battle of Prestonsburg, Ky., was fought 
June 10, 1862. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Garfield, numbering about 
3,000 soldiers. The Confederates, under Gen. 
Humphry Marshall, numbered 2,500. The con- 
test lasted most of the day. The Confederates 
were vanquished with a loss of 60 killed and a 
large number wounded and taken as prisoners. 



—92— 

The Union loss was small — killed and wounded 
only about 50. This was Gen. Garfield's first 
battle, and was highly creditable to him. 

The next contest was a Mississippi river com- 
bat, which occurred January 11, 1862, twenty 
miles south of Cario, 111. The combatants were 
two Union steamboats and four Confederate 
boats. They had a "regular set-to." The Confed- 
erate boats were compelled to seek shelter under 
the protection of the batteries at Columbus, Ky. 

The battle of Spring Mills, Ky., was fought 
January 19, 1862. The Union soldiers were 
under the command of Generals Thomas and 
Shoepf, numbering about 3,000 to 4,000 men. 
The Confederate forces were under the command 
of Generals Zollikoffer, Crittenden and Payton, 
numbering about 8,000. The battle was a hot 
contest. Gen. Payton first fell mortally wounded 
and then Gen. Zollikoffer was killed in hand-to- 
hand conflict with a Union Colonel. The Con- 
federate loss in killed was 191 and 62 wounded. 
They lost large amounts of army stores and 
equipage. The Union loss was 39 killed and 203 
wounded. 



-93- 

The battle of Fort Henry, Term., was fought 
February 6, 1862. The Union land forces were 
under the command of Gen. Grant, and the gun- 
boats under Commodore Foot. Fort Henry was 
located on the Tennessee river, under command 
of Gen. Tighlman of the Confederate army. 
Commodore Foot, with his seven gunboats, made 
an attack on the Fort, and in a few hours Gen. 
Tighlman signified his willingness to surrender. 
He made an unconditional surrender of the Fort 
and its contents, 20 cannons, small arms, tents, 
provisions and 130 prisoners. The Union loss 
was 2 killed and 37 wounded The Confederates 
lost 3 killed and 15 wounded. 

The battle of Roanoke Island, N. C, was 
fought February 8, 1862. The Union fleet of 
gunboats were under the command of Commo- 
dore Goldsborough and the land troops under 
Gen. Burnside. The expedition was a brilliant 
success. The Forts, with all they contained, 
were captured, with 2,000 prisoners. The Union 
loss was 50 killed and 212 wounded. The Con- 
federate loss was 5 killed and 1 8 wounded. 

The battle of Fort Donelson, Tenn., was 



—94— 

fought February 15, 1862. This fort was located 
on the Tennessee river, and was under the con- 
trol of the Confederate Generals Buckner, Pillow 
and Floyd. They had 20,000 troops onnected 
with the fort. The Union side had a fleet of 7 
gun boats under the command of Commodore 
Foote. The land troops were under the com- 
mand of General Grant. The union forces num- 
bered about 20,000 men. On the first day of the 
engagement General Grant demanded an uncon- 
ditional surrender, but the Confederate generals 
were disposed to discuss the matter. But Gen- 
eral Grant, in his matter-of-fact way, sent them a 
notice that he "proposed moving upon their 
works immediately unless they surrendered un 
conditionally forthwith." General Buckner sur- 
rendered the fort February 16, 1862, with all it 
contained — about 15,000 prisoners of war, 40 
cannon and a large amount of army stores. 
Floyd escaped with a small portion of the Con- 
federate army during the night. The Union loss 
was 320 killed, 1,040 wounded and 150 missing. 
The Confederate loss in killed and wounded was 
comparatively small. The exact number has not 
been ascertained. 



—93— 

The battle of Fort Craig, N. M„ fought Feb- 
ruary 21, 1862. This was a fight between Gen- 
eral Canby, commanding the Union troops, and 
a Texas Confederate detachment of troops. The 
Union troops were defeated, with a loss of 62 
killed and 160 wounded. 

Com. Dupont commanded the Union fleet along 
the Southern coast Mar. 4, '6 2; captured Brunswick, 
Ga.,and several other forts along the Florida coast. 

The battle of Pea Ridge, Mo , fought March 

7, 1862. The Union troops were under the com- 
mand of General Curtis. They numbered about 
12,000 men. The Confederates, under the com- 
mand of Generals Price, McCullough and Van 
Dorn, numbered about 20,000 men. This was a 
hard fought battle. The Union forces held their 
ground. The loss was 205 killed, 970 wounded, 
170 missing. The Confederate loss was very 
large in killed and wounded, but is not known. 

The fight at Hampton Roads occurred March 

8, 1862. This was a contest between the Con- 
federate Merrimac, Yorktown and Jamestown, 
and the Union fleet at Hampton Roads. The 
first day's bombardment resulted disastrously to 



—96- 

the Union fleet. The Cumberland and the Con- 
gress were partially destroyed, and several other 
vessels disabled. The next day there was a bat- 
tle between the Union iron-clad Monitor and the 
Confederate iron-clad Merrimac, which resulted 
in the disabling of the Merrimac. The Union 
loss was 224 killed and drowned, and 62 wound- 
ed. The Confederate loss was 8 killed and 25 
wounded. 

The Battle at Island No. 10, near New Mad- 
rid, Mo., was fought March 13, 1862. The Con- 
federates had fortified this island, and had a large 
force to defend their works. The Union Com- 
modore, Foote, with his armed fleet, and General 
Pope, with his land forces, approaching, the 
Confederates thought it best to retire, so March 

13, 1862, they abandoned their works, leaving 
25 cannon and a large amount of military stores 
and provisions. 

The battle at Newburn, N. C, fought March 

14, 1862. The Union fleet of gunboats was un- 
der the command of General Burnside. After a 
four hours' vigorous fight the Confederates re- 
treated, and the Union troops took possession of 



—97— 

Newburn. Sixty-nine heavy guns and field pieces 
were captured, together with immense quantities 
of military stores and provisions. The Union 
loss was 91 killed and 466 wounded. The Con- 
federate loss was small. 

The battle of Kernstown, near Winchester, 
Va., was fought March 23, 1862. The Union 
troops numbered about 8,000 men, under Gener- 
als Banks and Shields. The Confederates were 
commanded by Generals Jackson and Garnett, 
numbering about 13,000 men. After a desperate 
fight, which lasted about five hours, in which 
fifty field pieces were in almost constant use, the 
Confederates wee defeated, and retreated to- 
wards Woodstock. The writer was over the bat- 
tle-field a few days after the battle, and assisted 
in taking care of the wounded. From appear- 
ances the Confederate army must have retreated 
in great confusion. I accompanied the Union 
army as far as the narrow passage beyond Wood- 
stock. Generals Banks and Shields had made 
all the arrangements to bag the Confederates un- 
der Stonewall Jackson at Mt. Jackson, but they 
were just a little too slow in their movements, for 



-98— 

when the Union army got to Mt. Jackson the 
Confederates had just pulled out. This was my 
first experience in the army. I became deeply 
interested in the wounded and sick. The Union 
loss in this battle was 103 killed, 441 wounded 
and 46 missing. The Confederate loss was over 
270 killed, and a large number wounded. 

The battle of Pigeon Ranch, fought March 28, 
1862. The Union troops were under the com- 
mand of Colonel Slough, and numbered about 
2,000 or 3,000 men. The Confederates num- 
bered about 2,000 men. We have not been able 
to ascertain the losses on either side. It was a 
drawn battle evidently. 

The battld of Pittsburg Landing, sometimes 
called the battle of Shiloh, Tenn. The attack 
made by the Confederates occurred April 6, 
1862. General Grant, who commanded the Un- 
ion forces, was evidently not ready for the fight. 
He was waiting for the coming of General BuelPs 
division. During the first day's fighting the Un- 
ion forces were driven back to the Tennessee 
river with great loss. But on ihe second day, 
General Buell having arrived with his division, 



—99— 

the fight was renewed, and the battle lasted all 
day. The Confederates were finally defeated 
and driven into their fortifications at Corinth, 
Miss. This was one of the hardest fought battles 
of the war. The Union troops numbered about 
50,000, and were under the command of Gener- 
als Grant and Buell. The Confederates num- 
bered about 45,000, and were under the com- 
mand of Generals Beauregard and Johnston. 
There has been much controversy in regard to 
the management of this battle, and on whom the 
blame of the disaster of the first day's fighting 
properly rests. The Confederates lost General 
A. S. Johnston, killed in the fight the second 
day. The Union loss was 1,700 killed, 7,500 
wounded, and 3,022 were taken prisoners. The 
Confederate loss was 1,728 killed, 8,012 wound- 
ed, and 959 missing. The slaughter was fearful. 
The two armies together lost in this battle 3,428 
killed outright, and 15,572 wounded; and one- 
third of the wounded never got out of the hos- 
pital alive. 

The battle of Fort Pulaski, Ga., occurred 
April n, 1862. The Union forces were under 



— lOO— 

the command of General Gilmore. The bom- 
bardment continued one whole day, and then they 
surrendered to the Union soldiers unconditiona'- 
ly. The Union loss was one killed and three 
wounded. The Confederate loss was five wound- 
ed and 380 prisoners of war. 

Huntsville, Ala., was captured without a strug- 
gle April 11, 1862, by General Mitchell, com- 
manding the Union troops. He captured about 
200 prisoners, and a large amount of army prop- 
erty. 

A skirmish occurred at Monterey, Va., April 
12, 1862. The Confederates made an attack on 
General Milroy, who commanded the Union 
troops. The Confederates were repulsed with 
some loss. There was no Union loss. 

The siege of Yorktown, Va. , commenced April 
12, 1862, and continued for nearly one month. 
The Confederates regarded their fortifications as 
impregnable. General J. E. Johnston command- 
ed the Confederate troops, numbering about 
55,000 men. General McClellan commanded 
the Union troops, numbering about 118,000 men. 
The Confederates evacuated Yorktown May 4, 



-lOl- 

1862, taking with them most of their army equip- 
age and provisions. 

The battle of Elizabeth City, N. C, fought 
April 19, 1862. The Union soldiers, under Gen- 
eral Buruside, defeated a body of Confederates, 
their loss being considerable. The Union loss 
was 1 1 killed and several wounded. 

The capture of New Orleans, La. , occurred 
May 1, 1862. The Union naval force was under 
the command of Commodore Farragut, consisting 
of a fleet of nine vessels The land force was under 
the command of Gen. Butler. The Confederates 
were under General Lovell. Commodore Foote 
had previously captured Forts Saint Phillips and 
Jackson, at the mouth of the Mississippi river, and 
hence it was an easy task to capture New Or- 
leans. General Lovell, with the Confederate 
troops, abandoned the city, and took up their 
line of march into the interior of the State. The 
Confederates burned and destroyed an immense 
amount of property before retreating, for fear it 
would fall into the hands of the Union people. 
Large quantities of cotton, steamboats, sugar and 
other property, were destroyed. The Union loss 



102— 

in the skirmish in entering the city was 30 killed 
and no wounded. The capture of New Orleans 
by Farragut was an event worthy of celebration. 
The bombardment of the forts, the rending of the 
barriers, the contact with the fire-ships, the ram- 
ming and sinking and burning that ended in the 
destruction of the Confederate flotilla, and the 
masterful appearance of the victorious fleet at 
New Orleans, made up one of the most splendid 
and tragic and glorious chapters of the war. 
General Butler took charge of the city personally. 
He found the city in a very filthy condition. He 
ordered a general cleaning up. It is said the city 
never had been so well governed. He ruled with 
an iron rod. He was much respected by the 
Union people, but cordially hated by those that 
were disloyal. An anecdote is related of him and 
a certain doctor of divinity. It was reported to 
General Butler that this minister had preached a 
sermon, in which he uttered disloyal sentiments. 
The General ordered his arrest. Accordingly 
this French doctor was brought before the gen- 
eral. He justified himself by saying that he had 
only preached a funeral sermon at the burial of a 



— 103— 

Confederate officer. It. was only a duty he had 
performed, and with a gush of benevolence he 
said: 'Why, General, I would be too glad to 
preach your funeral and bury you." The general, 
thanking him for his kind offer, said he was not 
quite ready yet to have his funeral preached and 
the burial service performed. With a broad grin 
he dismissed him with the injunction, "go sin no 
more." 

The battle at Lebanon, Tenn., fought May 5, 
1862. The Union troops were commanded by 
General Dumont. The Confederates were under 
General Morgan. Dumont gained a decided 
victory. The Union loss was 10 killed, 26 
wounded and missing. The Confederate loss 
was 66 killed, a large number wounded, and 183 
taken prisoners. 

The battle at West Point, Va., fought May 7, 
1862. The Union forces were under Generals 
Sedgwick and Franklin. The number of soldiers 
on the Union side was 30,000. The Confeder- 
ates were under General Lee, and numbered at 
least 35,000 men. The battle was a prolonged 
one, lasting eight hours. The Confederates were 



repulsed and retired, with a loss of not less than 
1 80 killed and a large number wounded. The 
Union loss in killed and wounded was over 200. 

The battle at McDowell, Va., was fought 
May 8, 1862. The Union General Milroy, with 
a small force, made an attack upon a body of 
Confederates, and after a contest of five hours he 
was repulsed at d compelled to retreat, with a 
loss of 29 killed and 200 wounded. 

The evacuation of the forts at Pensacola, Fla. , 
May 9, 1862. The Confederates, under General 
Bragg, with a force of 3,000 men, held Pensacola 
until Commodore Porter, with his fleet of vessels, 
came in sight, when they at once evacuated the 
city, setting on fire the navy-yards, warehouses, 
workshops and different forts. 

Norfolk, Va., was captured May 10, 1862, with 
out a fight. General Wool, commanded the 
Union troops, numbering 5,000 men. The Con- 
federates blew up the iron-clad Merrimac, burned 
the navy-yard and destroyed much military prop- 
erty before retiring General Wool was the old- 
est active officer in the service at this time. 

The capture of Natchez, Miss., occurred May 



— 108- 

i2, 1862. The capture of Natchez was by the 
Union fleet of gunboats under the command of 
Commodore Farragut. A naval fight occurred 
eight miles below Richmond on the James river, 
May 13, 1862; the Union squadron of war ves- 
sels was under the command of Commodore 
Rodgers. After a sharp contest of several 
hours the fleet withdrew, having lost 13 killed 
and 16 wounded. 

May 17, 1862, a detachment of General 
McClellan's army drove a division of the Confed- 
erate army pell mell over the Chichahominy 
river. 

The battle of Lewisburg, Va., fought May 23, 
1862. The Union soldiers were under the com- 
mand of Colonel Heath. The Confederates 
were under the command of Colonel Heath, who 
made the attack, but was repulsed. The Union 
loss was 14 killed and wounded, while the Con- 
federate loss is unknown. 

The battle of Front Royal, Va., fought May 
23, 1862. Colonel Kenley commanded a Union 
regiment and part of a battery. He was attacked 
by a much larger body of Confederates, and after 



— 106— 

a desperate struggle, which lasted several hours 
he retired from the field of battle with consid- 
erable loss. 

The skirmish near Strausburg, Va. , occurred 
May 25, 1862. The Union General Batiks, who 
had a body of 4,000 soldiers doing guard duty, 
was attacked by 25,000 Confederate troops under 
Generals Jackson and Ewell. Banks, with his 
small command, was compelled to abandon the 
Shenandoah Valley, with a heavy loss. 

The battle at Hanover Court House, Va., was 
fought May 27, 1862. The Union forces were 
under the command of General Porter, about 
10,000 strong. The Confederates were under 
General Johnston, and numbered 13,000 men. 
They were defeated, with a loss of 200 killed, 
730 prisoners, two railroad trains containing am- 
munition and army stores. The Union loss was 
53 killed, 344 wounded and missing. 

The evacuation of Corinth, Miss., occurred 
May 31, 1862. Corinth was surrounded, by 
the Union army 40,000 strong, commanded by 
Generals Pope, Halleck and Sherman. The 
Confederates, under General Beauregard, without 



— 107 

stopping to fight, made their escape to Okolono, 
Miss. Here he rallied his shattered army once 
more. 

The battle of The Seven Pines, Va., fought 
May 31, 1862. The Union forces were under 
the command of Generals Casey and Heintzeb 
man. The Confederates were under Hill, Long- 
street and Smith. The contest was sharp, and 
resulted in a drawn battle. 

The Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., was fought May 
31, 1862. The Union forces were under the 
command of Generals Sumner and Hooker, num- 
bering about 30,000 men. The Confederates 
were under the command of Generals Johnston 
and Smith, numbering 38,000 men. The fight- 
ing commenced about 4 o'clock in the afternoon, 
and continued till dark. Both armies then rested 
on their arms on the battle-field. Fighting began 
again early in the morning and continued for two 
hours, when the Confederates retreated, leaving 
the battle field in great confusion, going towards 
Richmond. The losses in these two battles, 
fought on the same day, and near by, were as 
folio vs: The Union loss was 890 killed, 3,627 



— 108— 

wounded, and 1,222 missing. The Confederate 
loss was estimated to be 6,733 killed, wounded 
and missing. 

Fort Pillow, Tenn., above Memphis, was evac- 
uated June 5, 1862. The fort was under the 
command of the Confederate General Villipique, 
who had a force of 6,000 men. Commodore 
Foote commanded the fleet of Union gunboats. 
The siege lasted 54 days. After destroying all 
their works they could they evacuated the fort. 

The skirmish near Port Republic, Va., occur- 
red June 5, 1862. This skirmish took place be- 
tween a detachment of Union soldiers and a body 
of Confederates commanded by General Ashby, 
who was killed, after which the Confederates re- 
treated in great haste. General Ashby was a 
brave soldier. 

The battle near Memphis, Tenn., fought June 
6, 1862, was a contest between two fleets of gun- 
boats, the Union fleet consisting of five gunboats 
and eight rams, under the command of Commo- 
dore Elliot, and the Confederate fleet consisted of 
eight gunboats, under the command of Commo- 
dore Montgomery. After a short engagement 



— 109— 

four of the Confederate gunboats were sunk and 
three run ashore, only one remaining intact. 
After this contest the city of Memphis surren- 
dered to the Union forces. 

The battle of Cross Keys, Va., fought June 8, 
1862. The Union troops under General Fre- 
mont numbered 5,000 men. The Confederates 
were under General Ewell, and numbered about 
6,000. General Fremont was defeated, with a 
loss of over 600 killed, wounded and prison- 
ers. The Confederate loss has not been ascer- 
tained. 

A battle was fought at James Island, near 
Charleston, S. C, June 16, 1862. The Union 
forces, under General Stevens, attacked a Con- 
federate body and were repulsed with a loss of 
85 killed, 172 wounded and 128 missing. Con- 
federate loss large, but not reported. 

The battle at St. Charles, Ark., fought June 
17, 1862. Colonel Fitch commanded the Union 
soldiers, and soon put to flight the Confederates, 
destroying a battery. 

The series of battles before Richmond, Va., 
commenced June 26, 1862. The Union army, 



-llO- 

under the command of General McClellan, num- 
bered 103,000 men. This vast army was for a 
time located on the banks of the sluggish Chicha- 
hominy river, doing dress parade duty for the 
most part. The Confederate army, under the 
command of General Robert E. Lee, numbering 
100,000 men, was located in Richmond and in 
the immediate vicinity. General Lee doubtless 
feared a siege, and hence divided his army into 
several detachments, so as to attack the Union 
forces at several points simultaneously, compell- 
ing General McClellan to divide his forces also. 
The first attack of the series was at Mechanics- 
ville, Va., June 26, 1862. In this contest about 
6,000 Union men fought about 10,000 Confeder- 
ates. The battle was sharp, but not long. The 
Confederates retreated, having sustained a loss in 
killed and wounded of about 1,500. The Union 
loss was not over 300 in all. The Union forces 
had an advantageous position during the whole 
of the battle. The next day, June 27, 1862, the 
battle of Cold Harbor was fought by other divis- 
ions of the two armies. The Union forces en- 
gaged in this battle numbered 33,000 men. The 



—ill- 
Confederates who took part in this conflict num- 
bered not less than 50,000 men. The victory 
was evidently on the Confederate side to-day, but 
secured at an immense loss of life. The Confeder- 
ates lost 9,500 in killed and wounded. The 
Union loss was 4.000 killed and wounded, and 
2,000 taken prisoners. 

June 29, 1862 : There was great activity in 
both armies during the entire day. A battle was 
fought at Savage Station, also one at Peach Or- 
chard. The Confederates were successful in 
driving back the Union forces. The Union loss 
was 600 in killed and wounded The Confeder" 
ate loss was 400 killed and wounded. Besides 
this loss the 2,500 wounded and sick Union sol- 
diers fell into the hands of the Confederates. 

June 30 the Union forces continued to retreat, 
and a battle was fought at Frazier's Farm. There 
was a bold move on the part of the Confederates 
to divide General McClellan's army, but they 
failed to accomplish their much-cherished pur" 
pose. The Union loss was 300 killed and about 
1,500 wounded. The Confederate loss was 325 



—112— 

killed and 1,700 wounded. It was a drawn bat- 
tle to-day. 

The battle at Malvern Hill, fought July 1, 
1862, continued all day, and was a fearful contest. 
The Union forces under General McClellan in 
this battle numbered not less than 70,000, and 
the Confederate forces under General Lee num- 
bered about 60,000 men. The battle lasted till 
dark. The Confederates were repulsed. The 
Union loss was 375 killed and 1,800 wounded. 
The Confederate loss was about 900 killed and 
3,500 wounded. 

It is estimated that during the series of battles 
from June 26 to July 1 the Union loss was 1,582 
killed, 7,709 wounded and 5,958 missing. The 
Confederates lost 3,150 killed, 15,355 wounded, 
and about 1,000 prisoners. The battles before 
Richmond present an appalling history. 

There was a battle fought at Bayou Cache, 
Ark., July 7, 1862. The Union forces were un- 
der General Curtis, who commanded several 
thousand Union soldiers. The Confederates were 
under the command of General Rust. The Con- 
federates were defeated, with a loss of 119 killed 



—118— 

and many wounded. The Union loss was 8 
killed and 43 wounded. 

There was a skirmish at Jasper, Ala., July 9, 
1862, and also one at Hamilton, N. C, the same 
day. We have no reliable accounts of these skir- 
mishes. 

There was a battle at Murfreesboro, Tenn., 
fought July 13, 1862. The Union force consisted 
only of a few regiments left here to do guard 
duty. They were attacked by Confederate Gen- 
eral Forrest, who had a large force. He captured 
an entire Michigan regiment and a large amount 
of army stores. The Confederates were the vic- 
tors in this battle. 

There was a skirmish at Lebanon, Ky., July 
13, 1862. Confederate General Morgan captured 
Lebanon and burned part of the town. He also 
captured Cynthiana, Ky., July 16, 1862. He 
committed various depredations in making this 
raid in Kentucky. He destroyed many buildings 
and much valuable property. 

July 18, 1862, there was a raid made across the 
Ohio river into Indiana. The Confederates at- 
tacked Newburg, Ind., destroyed the hospital and 



—114— 

captured army stores, then retreated over the 
Ohio river into Kentucky. 

There was a skirmish near Memphis, Tenn., 
July 19, 1862. The Union force repulsed the 
Confederates. The Union loss was 6 killed and 
32 wounded. The Confederate loss is not known. 

The bombardment of Vicksburg, Miss., con- 
tinued from July 14 to July 23, 1862. The Con- 
federates had strongly fortified Vicksburg. They 
regarded the holding of this point as of great im- 
portance to them. They had a large force, var- 
iously estimated in and around the city. The 
Union fleet of gunboats from below was under 
the command of Commodore Farragut; those 
coming -down the river were under the command 
of Commodore Elliot. There was a simultaneous 
attack from below and above the city, and many 
of the Confederate batteries were silenced, yet the 
army was not dislodged. So the siege was aban- 
doned for the time being, and afterwards a new 
method of attack adopted, which proved suc- 
cessful. 

The battle of Moor's Mill, Mo., fought July 28, 
1862. This was a sharp conflict between a de- 



—119— 

tachment of Union soldiers and a detachment of 
Confederate troops. The Union forces were under 
Colonel Merrill, the Confederates under Colonels 
Porter and Poindexter. The Confederates were 
defeated. What their loss was is not known. 
The Union loss was 10 killed and 30 wounded. 

The battle of Orange Court House, Va., was 
fought August 1, 1862. The Union soldiers, un- 
der General Crawford, numbering part of two 
regiments, attacked a body of Confederates and 
defeated them, killing 12 and taking 50 prisoners. 

Another skirmish, near Memphis, occurred 
August 3, 1862. The Confederates, under Gen- 
eral Thompson, were defeated after a sharp con- 
test. 

There was a gunboat fight above Baton Rouge, 
La., August 3, 1862. The Union gunboats, un- 
der Commodore Porter, attacked the Confederate 
ram- Arkansas. The ram Arkansas, after a short 
engagement, was set on fire and consumed. 

The battle at Baton Rouge, La., fought August 
5, 1862. The Union forces were under the com- 
mand of General Williams, and the gunboats un- 
der Commodore Porter. The Confederates were 



-116— 

under the command of General Breckenridge. 
The Union gunboats performed an important part 
in gaining a Union victory. The Union loss, in- 
cluding General Williams, was 56 killed and 173 
wounded and missing. Tne Confederate loss not 
reported. 

A body of Confederates made an attack on 
Fort Donelson, August 9, 1862. They were re- 
pulsed, after which they retired with some loss. 

The Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. , fought 
Aug. 10, 1862. The Union troops, under the 
command of Gen. Banks, numbered only about 
7,000 men. The Confederate soldiers were under 
Generals Longstreet, Jackson and Ewell number- 
ing about 20,000. The Union force was com- 
pelled to fall back after a short contest. The 
Union loss was 450 killed, 660 wounded and 290 
taken as prisoners. The Confederate loss was 
425 killed and about 300 wounded. Confederate 
Generals Winder and Trimbel were killed in this 
battle. 

The battle at Manassas and Haymarket, Va., 
fought Aug. 26, 1862. The Union troops were 
commanded by Gen. Pope. The Confederates 



—117— 

were under Gen. Ewell. The Confederates drove 
the Union troops out of their intrenchments at 
Manassas the first day of the fight. The next 
day Gen. Hooker reinforced Gen. Pope and a 
sharp contest took place at Haymarket. The 
Confederates were routed, losing their camp and 
in killed and wounded about 300. 

City Point, Va. , reduced and captured by the 
Union gunboats, August 27, 1862. 

A skirmish near Centerville, Va., occurred 
August 28, 1862. The combat was between a 
body of Union troops under Gen McDowell and 
a division of Confederates under Gen. Jackson. 
The contest was soon ended as night came on. 

The battle of Gainesville, Va., fought August 
29, 1862. The Union forces were under Gen- 
erals Reynolds and Seigel. The Confederates 
were under Gen. Jackson. This was a hard 
fought battle, lasting all day ; the nightfall put 
an end to the battle ; the Union army claimed the 
victory. The Union loss was estimated at about 
6,000 killed and wounded; the Confederate loss 
must have been not less than 7,000 killed and 
wounded. There was a fearful slaughter. 



—118— 

The second battle of Bull Run, Va. , fought 
August 30, 1862. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Pope, numbering 35,000 
men ; the Confederates were under the command 
of Generals Jackson and Longstreet, numbering 
not less than 45,000 strong. The contest was 
severe and prolonged, lasting from early in the 
morning till dark ; there was a fearful slaughter 
of men during this battle. It was evidently a 
drawn battle. The Union loss was about 11,000 
in killed and wounded ; the Confederate loss in 
killed and wounded was about 9,000, and missing 
about 3,000. There were more than five times 
as many killed in the second Bull Run battle as 
in the first, and yet the first battle made the deep- 
est impression — the people had become accus- 
tomed to the horrors of the war. 

The battle of Richmond, Ky. , fought August 
30, 1862. The Union forces were under Gen- 
erals Nelson and Manson ; the Confederates were 
under Gen. Kirby Smith. The Union forces 
were defeated with a loss of about 200 killed, 
about 700 wounded and about 2,000 taken pris- 
oners. The Union forces were greatly inferior in 
numbers to the Confederates. 



—119— 

A skirmish occurred at Boliver, Term., August 
30, 1862. The Confederates were driven back 
by the Union forces. No loss. 

The battle at Britton's Lane, Tenn., fought 
Sept. 1, 1862. A body of Union soldiers drove 
back a body of Confederate troops after a hot 
contest. Union loss, 5 killed, 78 wounded and 
22 missing; Confederate loss greater, but not 
reported. 

The battle of Chantilly, Va., fought Sept. 1, 
1862. The Union troops were under Generals 
Reno, Hooker and Kearney; the Confederates 
under Generals Ewell and Hill. The fight was a 
severe one ; the Union side lost many brave sol- 
diers ; among the killed were Generals Kearney 
and Stevens ; the number killed and wounded is 
not definitely known. It evidently was a drawn 
battle. 

A skirmish at Washington, N. C, occurred 
Sept. 6, 1862. The Confederates made an attack 
on the Union fort and were repulsed with consid- 
erable loss ; the Union loss was 8 killed and 36 
wounded. 

A skirmish at Middletown, Md., occurred 



— 120— 

Sept. 12, 1862. The contest was sharp but not 
long ; the Uunion loss was 80 killed and wounded ; 
the Confederates lost about the same number in 
killed and wounded. 

The battle of South Mountain, Md., fought 
Sept. 14, 1862. The Union forces were under 
the command of Generals Reno, Franklin, 
Hooker and Cox ; the Confederates were under 
Longstreet and Hill; the contest was a bloody 
one all along the line of battle. The Confeder- 
ates finally retreated leaving the battle field in 
possession of the Union troops ; the Union loss 
in killed, including the gallant Gen. Reno, was 
312, wounded 1234, missing 22; the Confederate 
loss was 335 killed, about 1,200 wounded, and 
1,500 prisoners. This battle having been fought 
east of the Potomac river made a deep impression 
in the loyal states. The death of Gen. Reno 
was much regretted. 

The battle at Harper's Ferry, Va., began Sept. 
12, 1862. The Union forces at Harper's Ferry 
were under the command of Gen. Miles; the 
attacking Confederates were under Gens. Jack- 
son and Ewell, and after a two days' contest Gen. 



—121— 

Miles was killed and the Union forces surren- 
dered ; the Union loss was about 1 1,000 prisoners, 
many cannon and small arms and large quantities 
of army stores; this was a severe loss for the 
Union side. 

The battle of Mumfordsville, Ky. , fought Sept. 
14, 15 and 16, 1862. The Union forces were under 
the command of Col. Dunham ; the Confederates 
were under Col. Price. After a contest of three 
days the Union troops surrendered but General 
McCook came up with his division and recaptured 
the Union troops from the Confederates. 

The battle of Antietam, Md., fought Sept. 17, 
1862. This battle was fought near Sharpsburg, 
Md.; the Union forces were commanded by quite 
an army of Generals — McClellan, Burnside, 
Sumner, Hooker and Mansfield; the Union 
forces numbered 85,000 men; the Confederates 
under Generals Lee and Jackson numbered about 
65,000 men. The fight began early in the morn- 
ing and continued all day long ; it was a fierce 
contest ; during the night the Confederates retired 
from the battle field, leaving it in the hands of 
the Union troops; Gen. Mansfield was killed 



—122— 

during the fight; the Union loss was about 2,000 
killed, about 9,000 wounded, and about 1,000 
missing ; the Confederate loss in killed was about 
1,800, about 6,000 wounded, 3,500 prisoners. 
This was one of the most sanguinary battles of 
the war ; it must be classed as a drawn battle. 

The evacuation of Harper's Ferry, by the Con- 
federates, occurred Sept. 18, 1862; they took up 
their line of march into the interior of Virginia. 

The battle of Iuka, Miss., fought September 
19, 1862. The Union forces were under Gen- 
erals Ord and Rosecrans and numbered about 
20,000 strong; the Confederates under General 
Price numbered about 15,000 men. The battle 
was a severe contest for the period of four hours ; 
during the night the Confederates retreated leav- 
ing the place in the hands of the Union army ; 
the Union loss was about 300 killed and 500 
wounded; the Confederate loss was over 300 
killed and 700 wounded. This was a victory for 
the Union side clearly. 

The skirmish at Augusta, Ky., occurred Sept. 
27, 1862. A body of Confederates made an 
attack upon a small number of Union soldiers in 



—123— 

a fort ; they were compelled to surrender after a 
loss of 8 killed and 1 5 wounded ; the rest of the 
garrison, numbering about one hundred, were 
taken prisoners. 

The battle of Corinth, Miss., fought October 
4 and 5, 1862. The Union soldiers were com- 
manded by Generals Rosecrans and McPherson 
and numbered about 28,000 men; the Confeder- 
ates under Generals Lovell, Price and Van 
Doren numbered about 35,000 men. During the 
first day's fight the Union forces were driven into 
the town, but next day, Oct. 5, the battle was re- 
newed with great vigor and after a bloody struggle 
the Confederates retired leaving the field in the 
hands of the Union troops ; the Confederate loss 
was 1,423 killed, over 5,000 wounded and 2,248 
prisoners, and many guns and nearly 4,000 stand 
of small arms, a large amount of ammunition and 
provisions; the Union loss was 315 killed, 1,822 
wounded and 222 missing. 

The battle of Leaverage, Tenn. , fought Oct. 
6, 1862. A Union division under Gen. Palmer 
made an attack upon a body of Confederates, and 
defeating them, killed and wounded 86 , prisoner 



—124— 

taken, 175; the Union loss was 5 killed, 18 
wounded and missing. 

The battle of Perry ville, Ky. , fought October 
8, 1862. The Union forces were under General 
McCook, about 15,000 strong; the Confederate 
forces were under Generals Hardee, Bragg and 
Polk, numbering not less than 25,000 men. The 
battle commenced early in the morning and lasted 
till dark ; the contest was severe and bloody ; the 
Union loss was 466 killed, 1346 wounded and 
160 missing; the Confederates lost in killed about 
400, in wounded about 1,500. This battle re- 
sulted, if in anything, in favor of the Union side. 

The raid on Chambersburg, Pa., occurred Oct. 
10, 1862. The Confederate cavalry, numbering 
about 2,500, under Gen. Stewart, doubtless to 
secure fresh horses and clothing that were at 
Chambersburg for the Union army, made a dash 
through Maryland into Pennsylvania and at 
Chambersburg they secured a large amount of 
clothing, burned part of the town, destroyed the 
depot, tore up the railroad track, and then re- 
turned, passing around the Union army, without 
the loss of a man. 



— 12S— 

The skirmish near Gallatin, Tenn., occurred 
.Oct. 1 8, 1862. A small body of Union soldiers 
defeated a small force of Confederates under 
Gen. Forest. 

There was a military expedition sent by the 
Union government to Florida during the month 
of October, 1862, which was highly successful in 
cutting off Confederate supplies along the rivers 
of Florida. 

The battle of Pocotaligo, S. C, fought Oct. 
22, 1862. Gen. Brannon, with a force of 5,000 
and several batteries, attacked a body of Confed- 
erates of about 6,000. After a severe struggle 
for six or seven hours the Union forces were de- 
feated with a loss of 30 killed and 180 wounded, 
and the Charleston and Savannah Railroad re- 
mained in the possession of the Confederates. 

The battle at Maysville, Ark., fought October 
22, 1862. Gen. Blunt commanded the Union 
forces; he had a force 10,000 strong 5 the Con- 
federates numbered about 7,000 in this fight; 
they were badly defeated, losing quite a number 
killed and wounded ; they lost all their artillery 
and much of their camp equipage. 



—126— 

There was a skirmish at Labadie, La., October 
27, 1862. The Union forces were victorious. 

There was a battle fought at Garrettsburg, Ky. , 
Nov. 10, 1862. The Union troops were under 
the command of Gen. Ransom, numbering 5,000. 
The Confederates, under Gen. Woodward, num- 
bered about the same ; the Confederates were 
defeated with considerable loss ; the Union loss 
was small. 

The battle at Kinston, N. C, was fought Nov. 
17, 1862. The Union soldiers were commanded 
by Gen. Foster and numbered about 5,000 men; 
the Confederates were commanded by General 
Evans. This fight occurred during a raid made 
by the Union forces from Newburn to Goldsboro 
for the purpose of cutting railroad communi- 
cation between Charleston, S. C, and Richmond, 
Va. The Union loss was about 200 killed and 
wounded; the Confederates lost a large number 
killed and wounded and about 400 taken pris- 
oners. The Union forces were successful. 

The battle of Cane Hill, Ark., fought Nov. 28, 
1862. The Union forces were under the command 
of Generals Blount and Heron, numbering about 



—127— 

2,000 cavalry and several pieces of artillery; the 
Confederates numbered about 2,000 strong. Af- 
ter a sharp contest the Confederates retreated to 
VanBuren ; the Union troops followed them and 
drove them from there taking 100 prisoners and 
their camp equipage. 

In a skirmish at Charleston, Va., which occur- 
red Dec. 2, 1862, a body of Union soldiers 
attacked a body of Confederates driving them 
from the field, killing and wounding 70 and tak- 
ing 143 prisoners. 

The battle of Prairie Grove, Ark., fought Dec. 
7, 1862. The Union troops were under com- 
mand of Generals Heron and Blount, numbering 
about 12,000, besides 24 field pieces and a divis- 
ion of cavalry ; the Confederates were command- 
ed by Generals Frost, Marmaduke and Parsons; 
they had a force numbering 28,000 and 18 can- 
nons; the battle was a severe contest; the Con- 
federates were defeated, with a loss of over 
2,000 killed and wounded; the Union loss was 
495 killed and about 500 missing. The Confed- 
erates retreated during the night. 

The battle at Heartsville, Tenn., fought Dec. 7, 



—128— 

1862. The Union forces were under Col. Moore 
numbering about 3,000 strong ; the Confederates 
were under Gen. Morgan, and numbering, it is 
estimated, about 5,000 men. After a short con- 
test the Union troops surrendered and were pa- 
roled; the Union loss in killed was 55. 

The battle of Fredericksburg, Va. , was fought 
Dec, n, 1862. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Burnside, assisted by 
Generals Franklin, Couch and Sumner ; the num- 
ber of soldiers under Gen. Burnside at this battle 
is variously estimated at from 60,000 to 100,000; 
the Confederates were under the command of 
Gen. Lee, assisted by Generals Jackson, and 
Longstreet; the number of Confederate sol- 
diers in this battle is estimated to have been 
80,000. Gen. Burnside brought on the action by 
a bombardment. At least 30,000 Union troops 
crossed the Rappahannock river in front of Fred- 
ericksburg on pontoons and took part in the 
battle. The fight was one of the most severe 
and bloody of the war ; one part of the battle- 
field proved to be a complete slaughter pen. 
The Confederates evidently by some means ob- 



— 120— 

tained full information as to the plan of battle 
Gen. Burnside had adopted ; this much the 
writer learned from a Confederate General with 
whom he had a conversation a few days after the 
battle when in Fredericksburg under a flag 6f 
truce ; the writer was permitted to go over the 
battle-field and exhume and convey over the 
Rappahannock all the Union dead that he wished 
to send home to their friends; he secured all 
those belonging to Ohio Regiments who had 
fallen in the battle. One thing that greatly as- 
tounded the writer was to find that the Confederates 
were so well informed in regard to military affairs 
in the North; they verily believed that they 
would get such help from the North as would 
soon secure to them their independence ; whilst 
the officers with whom I conversed, seemed 
to be sanguine of success, the private soldiers 
were depressed and gloomy. I was courteously 
treated by the Confederates. As I left them to 
recross the Rappahannock I thanked them for the 
courtesies extended to me and said to my escort, 
"Allow me to express the heartfelt wish that we 
may soon meet again as brethrei"Tunder the old 



Union flag" — before I could finish the sentence he 
cried out, "No, never." One of the officers said, 
"We would sooner live in the jungles of Africa than 
again to live under the laws of the United 
States." I believe that that very officer, after 
the surrender of Gen. Lee, took the oath of 
allegiance to the government. 

In the battle of Fredericksburg the Union army 
sustained a great loss. The loss was 1,152 killed, 
9,100 wounded, 3.234 missing; the Confederate 
loss was 595 killed, 4,061 wounded, 653 missing. 

There was a skirmish at Zurich, Va. , Dec. 13, 
1862. The Union forces drove a body of Con- 
federates from the place without loss. 

Baton Rouge, La., was recaptured Dec. 14, 
1862, by Gen. Grover, who, with a small Union 
force, took possession of the place. 

Holly Springs, Miss., was captured by the 
Confederates under Gen. Van Doren ; the Union 
forces retired without going into battle, Dec. 
19, 1862. 

There was a Union raid into Tennessee com- 
manded by Gen. Carter; he began operations 
Dec. 21, 1862. This raid lasted fifteen or twenty 



-131— 

days. The Union cavalry retired, having lost 
two killed and eight wounded; the raid was 
regarded as a success. 

There was a skirmish at Dumfries, Va., Dec. 
28, 1862. The Union soldiers under Gen. Seigel 
made an attack upon a body of Confederates, 
driving them from the place. 

The battle at Davis' Mills, Miss. , fought Dec. 
25, 1862. The Union troops were under the 
command of Col. Morgan, numbering about 
1,000 strong; the Confederates were under Gen. 
Van Dorn, numbering about 1,500; after a severe 
contest the Confederates were repulsed. Losses 
not known. 

The second attack on Vicksburg, Miss., occur- 
red Dec. 27, 1862. The Union forces were 
under the command of Gen. Sherman. After a 
vigorous bombardment for several days, with a 
good degree of Union success, it was thought 
best to retire. 

The battle of Stone River, Tenn. , fought Dec. 
27, 1862. The Union forces were under the 
command of Gen. Rosecrans and numbered 
about 45,000 men; the Confederates were under 



- 132— 

Generals Hardee, Kirby Smith and Polk, num- 
bering about 62,000 men. The battle was hotly- 
contested at every point, and resulted in a bloody 
conflict. The Union loss was 1,553 killed, about 
7,000 wounded, about 3,000 prisoners; the Con- 
federate loss is estimated at 10,000 killed, 
wounded and prisoners. 

The battle at Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn. , 
was fought Dec. 31, 1862. The Union forces 
were under command of Generals Sullivan and 
Dunham, numbering about 6,000 or 7,000 
strong ; the Confederates were under Gen. For- 
rest, numbering about 7,000 men. The contest 
lasted several hours, after which the Confederates 
retired with a loss of over 1,000 killed, wounded 
and missing; the Union loss was small. 

The battle at Galveston, Texas, fought Jan. 1, 
1863. The Union land force was a small body 
numbering only 300, and the Union gunboats, 
under the command of Commodore Renshaw, 
was attacked by Gen. McGruder with a force of 
3,000 who captured the Union squad of soldiers 
and the gunboats under Commodore Renshaw 
were destroyed and the Commodore killed by 



—183- 

accident ; the Union side lost 25 killed and all 
their army stores. 

The battle at Springfield, Mo., fought Jan. 7, 
1863. A division of Union soldiers under Gen. 
Brown attacked a Confederate force, defeating 
them and holding the place ; the Union loss was 
1 7 killed and about 30 wounded. 

The battle of Arkansas Post, Ark., fought Jan. 
10 and n, 1863. The Union land forces were 
under the command of Gen. McClernard, and 
the gunboats under Commodore Porter ; the gun- 
boats and the land forces took part in the action ; 
the Union forces claimed a victory after a two 
days' contest; the Union loss was about 100 
killed and about 500 wounded; the Confederate 
loss was about 200 killed, 4,500 taken as pris- 
oners and a number of cannon and about 5,000 
stand of small arms were captured. 

January 10, 1863, there was a naval action at 
Charleston, S. C. The Confederates made an 
attempt to break the blockade but did not succeed. 

January 12, 1863, tne Confederates succeeded 
in capturing three transports and a gunboat on 
the Cumberland river, Tennessee. 



—134— 

A skirmish occurred at Bayou Teche, La., 
Jan. 15, 1863. A small Union force captured 
and held the place without much loss. 

A skirmish occurred at Sabine Pass, Texas, 
Jan. 20, 1863; the Union side lost two transports. 

The third attack on Vicksburg, Miss., Jan. 22, 
1863. The Union forces were commanded by 
Gen. McClernard. Work on the cut-off canal 
commenced by Gen. Butler was resumed. The 
Union gunboat, Queen of the West, ran the 
blockade and safely landed below Vicksburg but 
was afterwards captured and also the gunboat 
Indianola; both were burned near Jeff. Davis 
bend ; the Union gunboats shelled Vicksburg but 
without effect ; the bombardment was abandoned 
again for a time. 

There was a naval contest at Fort McAllister, 
Ga., Jan. 27, 1863. The ironclad Montauk, un- 
der command of Commodore Werden, was attack- 
ed by three Confederate gunboats but without 
success. 

The battle of Blackwater, Va. , fought Jan. 30, 
1863. The Union troops were under the com- 
mand of Generals Cocheran and Peck ; the Con- 



—135— 

federates were under Gen. Pryor. After a 
prolonged engagement the Confederates were 
repulsed with quite a severe loss ; the Union loss 
was 24 killed and 80 wounded. 

A skirmish occurred at Rover. Tenn., Jan. 31, 
1863. The Confederates were defeated with a 
loss of 12 killed and 300 wounded and taken 
prisoners; Union loss was very small. 

A battle was fought at Middletown, Tenn.. 
Feb. 2, 1863 This battle was fought between 
Gen. Stokes' Union cavalry and a camp of Con- 
federates, which was captured ; the loss was 
small on both sides. 

A fight occurred at Brady ville, Tenn., March 1, 
1863, between a force of Union soldiers under 
Gen. Stanley and a body of Confederate cavalry 
numbering about 800 strong ; the Confederates 
were driven back with severe loss; no Union lo^s 
in this engagement. 

A battle took place near Thompson's Station, 
Tenn., March 5, 1863. Union forces under Col. 
Coburn numbered only about 6,000 men; the 
Confederates under Gen. Van Dorn numbered 
about 30,000. After an unequal struggle the 



—136— 

Union forces retreated with a loss of about ioo 
killed, about 300 wounded, 1,200 prisoners; the 
Confederate loss was about 600 killed and 
wounded. 

The battle of Unionville, Tenn., fought March 
7, 1863. The Union soldiers under Gen. Minty 
attacked a force of Confederates and put them to 
flight, capturing 60 prisoners and a quantity of 
camp equipage. 

The battle at Fairfax Court House, Va., fought 
March 9, 1863. Gen. Stoughton, who com- 
manded a Union force, was surprised by a body 
of Confederate cavalry and defeated with consid- 
erable loss ; the General was captured. 

An attempt to re-capture Newburn, N. C, was 
made March 13, 1863, by the Confederates 
without success. 

A naval attack at Port Hudson, La., March 
13, 1863, by Commodore Farragut, who com- 
manded a Union squadron of gunboats, was not 
successful ; he retired without loss. 

The battle at Kelley's Ford, Va., fought March 
17, 1863. This was a daring fight conducted by 
Gen. Averell, who with a small force of Union 



—137- 

cavalry, crossed the Rappahannock river under 
fire of the Confederates in their rifle-pits : he 
made almost a clean sweep with but a small 
Union loss. 

The battle of Milton, Tenn., fought March 
20, 1863. About 2,000 Union soldiers under 
Col. Hall were attacked by Confederate Generals 
Wheeler and Morgan with a force of about 4,000 
men ; the Confederates were defeated with con- 
siderable loss in killed and wounded; the Union 
loss was very small, as they were protected dur- 
ing the battle by their intrenchments. 

Jacksonville, Florida, was captured March 20, 
1863, by a brigade of colored Union soldiers. 
They made a splendid record for themselves. 

The battle at Steel's Bayou, Miss., fought 
March 22, 1863. A body of Union soldiers, 
commanded by Gen. Sherman, attacked a Con- 
federate force of about 4,000 and after a short 
engagement put the Confederates to flight with a 
heavy loss; the Union side reported only one 
man killed. 

A Confederate force under Col. Clark captured 



—138— 

Mt. Sterling, Ky., March 22, 1863, without loss 
of life on either side. 

Brentwood, Tenn., was captured by a force of 
Confederate cavalry under Wheeler and Forrest 
March 25, 1863. Col. Green Clay Smith, with a 
body of Union cavalry, pursued the Conft derates, 
rescued the prisoners they had taken, killing 
many of the Confederates and driving them 
quite a distance. 

The battle at Summerset, Ky., fought March 
29, 1863. The Union forces were under the 
command of Generals Gillmore and Carter ; the 
Confederates were under Col. Pegram. The 
contest was short but fierce and resulted in favor 
of the Union side with a small loss. 

The battle at Woodbury, Tenn., fought April 
1, 1863. The Union forces under Gen. Hazen 
made an attack on a Confederate force of about 
600 under Gen. Smith ; the Confederates were 
defeated with a loss of 30 killed and 50 wounded 
and a large quantity of army equipments; the 
Union loss was small. 

A skirmish near Nashville, Tenn., occurred 
April 6, 1863. Gen. Mitchell, with a small body 



— 139— 

of Union cavalry, came in contact with a Con- 
federate company of cavalry, killed 15 and took 
five prisoners, and captured a lot of army stores 
from the Confederates. 

A naval attack on Charleston, S. C. , made 
April 7, 1863, by Union Commodore Dupont 
with seven Union ironclad boats; the contest 
was sharp; five of the Union gunboats being 
disabled retired with a loss of 16 wounded. 

The battle at Franklin, Tenn., fought April 10, 
1863. The Union troops were under General 
Granger occupying the town ; the Confederates, 
under Gen. Van Dorn, made the attack and were 
repulsed with considerable loss. 

There were three battles fought in the neigh- 
borhood of Bayou Teche, La,, under General 
Banks, who commanded the Union forces, from 
April 15 to April 17, 1863; Generals Banks, 
Wetzel and Emery captured about 2,000 Confed- 
erates and a large amount of army stores; the 
Union loss in the three battles was about 600 
killed, wounded and missing. 

Commodore Porter succeeds in running six 
steamboats belonging to his fleet in safety by the 



— 140— 

well manned batteries in front of Vicksburg, 
Miss., April 17, 1863. 

The battle at Fayetteville, Ark., fought April 
18, 1863. Two thousand Union troops occupied 
the town; about 3,000 Confederate troops at- 
tempted to drive the Union forces out of town 
but were repulsed with considerable loss; the 
Union loss in killed and wounded was 22. 

The Union gunboat, Queen of the West, was 
captured April 22, 1863; tne Union loss was the 
boat and 90 prisoners, including Captain Fuller, 
the commander. 

April 22, 1863, Gen. Banks, with a division of 
his army, captured Washington and Opalusus, 
Miss., and much army property. 

The battle of Fairmount, W. Va., fought 
April 30, 1863. The Union forces were under 
Col. Milligan, and were repulsed by the Confed- 
erates with a considerable loss ; the Confederates 
destroyed bridges and much of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad property and then retreated. 

The battle at Monticello, Ky., fought May 1, 
1863. The Union troops were commanded by 
Gen. Carter, who had a force of 5,000; the 



—141— 

Confederates were under Gen. Pegram, who had 
a force of about 4, 000 ; the Confederates were 
defeated with a loss of 66 killed ; the Union loss 
was small. 

May 1, 1863, Confederate Gen. Marmaduke, 
with his division, was driven out of Missouri by- 
Union Gen. Vandiver. 

The battle at Port Gibson, Miss. , fought May 
1. 1863. The Union forces were under the 
command of Generals Grant and McClernard; 
the Confederates were under Gen. Bowen; the 
Confederates were defeated after a prolonged 
fight with the loss of 1,500 men and the Fort. 
This was preliminary to taking Vicksburg after a 
struggle of two months. The capture of Port 
Gibson was really the key to the capture of 
Vicksburg. 

A raid into Mississippi was conducted by Col. 
Grierson; commenced May 2, 1863; the Union 
cavalry under Col. Grierson numbered 900 strong, 
with five howitzers. It is said that sixteen days 
they passed through the very heart of Mississippi 
burning bridges, tearing up railroads and destroy- 
ing railroad cars and locomotives. A large num- 



—142 



ber of colored people followed them, as they 
said, to see "Massa Lincum." 

The battle of Chancellorsville, Va., fought 
May 3 and 4. The Union forces were under the 
command of Gen. Hooker, with an army of 
90,000 strong; Generals Lee and Jackson com- 
manded the Confederate forces, numbering about 
60,000 men; the contest was severe and pro- 
longed; the battle was, if anything, in favor of 
the Confederates; the Union loss was about 
12,000 killed and wounded and about 5,000 
missing; the Confederate loss was about io' 3 oo 
killed and wounded and about 3,000 missing.' 

During the battle at Chancellorsville the 
Union forces under Gen. Stoneman made a raid 
through Virginia, destroying large quantities of 
army stores and tearing up railroads and disabling 
the Confederates generally. 

Alexandria, La., was captured by Commodore 
Porter and a band of Union soldiers under 
him, May 5, 1863, without loss to his troops. 

Col. Straight made a raid through Alabama 
but was captured by the Confederate General, 



—143— 



Forrest, May 8, 1863, at Cedar Bluff, Alabama; 
Col. Straight had a force of 700 strong. 

The battle at Horse Shoe Bend, Term. , fought 
May 9, 1863. The Union detachment was under 
the command of Col. Jacobs; he attacked a Con- 
federate body and defeated them with a loss of 
quite a number killed and wounded, and- took 
eight prisoners ; the Union loss was nothing. 

The battle of Raymond, Miss., fought May 12, 
1863. Gen. McPherson commanded the Union 
troops, and the Confederate forces were under 
the command of Generals Gregg and Walker. 
After a fight of several hours the Confederates 
retreated leaving the place in the hands of Gen. 
McPherson; the Union loss in killed was 69, 
wounded 341, missing 32; the Confederate loss 
103 killed, 720 wounded and prisoners. 

The battle near Jackson, Miss., fought May 
13, 1863. Gen. Grant commanded the Union 
forces ; Gen. Joe Johnston commanded the Con- 
federate troops; the battle was short but decisive. 
The Confederates lost the town and their muni- 
tions of war, and 400 prisoners ; the Union loss 
was small. 



—144— 

The battle at Linden, Tenn., fought May 13, 
1863. Col. Breckenridge commanded the Union 
troops, numbering about 1 , 000 strong ; the Con- 
federates were about 2,000 strong, but were re- 
pulsed with the loss of 43 killed and wounded 
and quite an amount of army stores. 

A skirmish at Suffolk, Va. , took place May 15, 
1863, between a body of Union soldiers and a 
body of Confederates ; the Confederates retreated ; 
loss small on both sides. 

A skirmish near Holly Springs, Miss., occur- 
red May 15, 1863, between a detachment of 
Union soldiers and Confederates under General 
Falkner ; the Confederates were driven back 
with some loss. 

• The battle at Baker's Creek, Miss., was fought 
May 16, 1863. Gen. Grant commanded the 
Union forces, about 25,000 strong; Gen. Pem- 
berton commanded the Confederates, about 
25,000 strong. The battle was a severe one 
the Confederates lost about 2,600 killed and 
wounded, 2,000 prisoners and much army prop- 
erty ; the Union loss was 680 killed and 1,300 
wounded. 



—145— 

The battle of Black River, Miss., fought May 
17, 1863. This battle also between Gen. Grant 
and Gen. Pemberton with nearly equal force ; 
the Confederates were again defeated with a loss 
of 2,600 killed and wounded; the Union loss, 
killed 160, wounded about 600. 

The town of Austin, Miss., partially destroyed 
by Commodore Elliott with his marine force, 
May 24, 1863. 

The Union force destroyed the Confederate 
Navy Yard at Yazoo City, Miss., May 25, 1863. 

A Union gunboat was destroyed by the Con- 
federates at Vicksburg, Miss., May 28, 1863. 
The Union side lost the gunboat and about 25 
men killed and drowned. 

A raid was made through South Carolina June 
2, 1863, by a colored Union detachment o* about 
200 strong; they returned after several days' 
having been successful ; Colonel Montgomery 
commanding. 

The battle at Triune, Tenn., was fought June 
11, 1863 The Union forces were under Col. R. 
B. Mitchell numbering only one regiment ; the 
Confederates were under the command of Gen. 



—146— 

Forrest, about 5,000 strong. The battle was 
short and the Confederates retreated, having sus- 
tained a loss of 28 killed and 70 wounded; the 
Union loss was 6 killed and 32 wounded. 

The blockade runner, Harrold, was sunk by a 
broad-side from a Union ironclad June n, 1863. 

A battle near Winchester, Va. , fought June 14, 
1863. Gen. Milroy was in command of about 
7,000 Union troops; the Confederate forces, 
under Gen. Lee going to Pennsylvania, found 
Gen. Milroy's little army at Winchester, Va., 
gave battle and gobbled up the most of his force. 
The Union loss was about 100 killed, about 300 
wounded and about 4,000 prisoners, besides the 
loss of a large quantity of army stores ; the Con- 
federate loss has not been ascertained. 

There was a naval fight near Wellington, N. 
C., June 17, 1863, between the Union gunboat 
called the Weehawken and the Confederate ram, 
Atlanta ; the Atlanta was disabled and captured. 

The battle at Aldie, Va., was fought June 17, 
1863. The Union troops, four regiments of cav- 
alry, under Gen. Killpatrick ; the Confederate 
troops consisted of five regiments of cavalry 



— 147- 

under Gen. Fitzhugh Lee ; each side had artillery ; 
the fight was a desperate one ; the Confederates 
retreated ; the losses are not known. 

The second battle of Black River fought June 
23, 1863. This battle was between the Union 
Gen. Osterhouse, who commanded a division, and 
the Confederate General Johnston, who also 
commanded a division ; the battle was short and 
the Union side was defeated with a small loss in 
killed and wounded. 

Quite a number of skirmishes and battles oc- 
curred in quick succession at the end of June, 
1863. A detachment of the Union forces under 
Gen. Willich captured Liberty Gap from the 
Confederates. Next day, June 24, near the 
above named place, Generals Willich, Carter and 
Wilder defeated a division of the Confederate 
army under Gen. Clayburne. General Wilder's 
Union brigade next day, June 25, captured 
Hoover's Gap from the Confederates ; his loss 
was 53 killed and wounded; rhe Confederate loss 
was much greater. 

Morgan's raid through Indiana and Ohio be- 
gan June 27, 1863. The Confederate General, 



—148— 

John Morgan, was a Kentuckian ; he conceived 
the idea of making a raid through Indiana and 
Ohio mainly to secure army supplies of various 
kinds; he had a force of 2,500 daring men under 
his command. His progress was interrupted on 
the Kentucky side by several skirmishes ; in the 
one near Columbia he was victorious, but at 
Tubbs' Bend, Ky. , he was evidently defeated 
with considerable loss ; he crossed the Ohio river 
near Mockport, south of Corydon, the county seat 
of Floyd county, Indiana ; on their way to Cory- 
don an old friend of the writer, Rev. Glenn, was 
killed maliciously by a straggling band of Morgan's 
men; there was no provocation — they shot him 
deliberately in his own door yard; he was a good 
and true man. Their passage through southern 
Indiana was very rapid My opinion is Morgan 
had very little knowledge of the topography of 
Southern Indiana; he did not tarry long in one 
place ; he found the country hilly and the roads 
rough. The poor Hoosiers were terribly frighten- 
ed ; those who were Southern sympathizers were 
not ready to lend a helping hand. When he 
was about to press into his service a fresh horse 



—149— 

the owner would, in a bland way, say, "You 
should not disturb my property for I am a friend 
to the south." The cold comfort such generally 
got was, "If you are friends to the South then 
you ought to help in this struggle ; I will therefore 
take your horse." The raiders did not stop to eat 
or sleep but took their meals on horse back and 
actually slept as they rode along. They passed 
through Butler, Warren, Fayette, Washington, 
Guernsey, Jefferson and Columbiana counties, O. 
The raiders were vigorously pursued and July 
19, 1863, near Buffington's Island, Morgan made 
a halt and a fight ensued under the command of 
a Union lieutenant named O'Nell, of the 5th 
Indiana Cavalry, and two gun boats. The battle 
resulted in the utter route of Morgan's raiders. 
Quite a number were killed and wounded and 
about 1,000 prisoners with their plunder were 
taken. About 500 escaped, a part of whom 
were taken prisoners in a few days, among whom 
were Gen. Morgan and Col. Bazel Duke. A 
small number effected their escape by crossing 
the Ohio river over into Kentucky. Gen. Mor- 
gan and several of his officers were confined for 



safe keeping in the Ohio penitentiary, but escaped 
out of the penitentiary in some way not fully 
understood to this day. Gen. Morgan, with his 
companions, made thtir way over into Kentucky 
and from there into East Tennessee, where his 
place of concealment was point' d out by a Union 
woman and he was killed. 

So ended the career of a daring Confederate 
General, who did much to annoy the Union 
army. It is proper here to state that Gen. 
Shackelford and Col. McCook, of the Union 
army, did much by their energy to capture Gen. 
Morgan and his band. 

The battle of Gray's Gap, Tenn., fought June 
30, 1863. The Union forces were under the 
command of Genwrals Granger and Stanley ; they 
made an attack upon a Confederate force, de- 
feating them with a considerable loss. 

The capture of Shelby ville, Tenn., occurred 
June 30, 1863. A large number of Confederate 
prisoners were taken and a large quantity of 
army stores. 

Tallahoma, Tenn., was captured by a Union 
force under Generals Stanley and Brannon. 



— 1S1— 

Thus step after step the Confederate army was 
driven out of middle Tennessee. 

The battle of Gettysburg, Pa., fought July i, 
2 and 3, 1863. The Union forces were under 
the command of Gen. Meade, numbering about 
80,000; the invading Confederate army, under 
the command of Gen. Robert E. Lee, numbered 
as nearly as can be estimated 80,000; the two 
contending forces were about equally divided ; 
the contest commenced July 1, and continued 
for three days. This battle was one of the most 
hotly contested battles of the war. There was a 
fearful slaughter on some parts of the battle field. 
Near Round Top Hill the field was literally 
covered with dead bodies and the ground satu- 
rated with blood. This battle was evidently the 
pivot on which the rebellion turned. The Con- 
federates were defeated and made the retreat 
back through Pennsylvania and Maryland into 
the Shenandoah Valley, Va. They did not re- 
main in the Shenandoah Valley long, but most of 
the Confederate army was called to take a de- 
fensive position in the neighborhood of Rich- 
mond, Va. 



— IS2— 

The battle at Gettysburg was fought with great 
skill and bravery on both sides. American met 
American and they measured swords. The 
writer is perfectly familiar with the battle ground 
around Gettysburg, as he spent three or four 
years in the college there during his boyhood 
days. He is of the opinion that the Confederates 
had the advantage of position at the beginning of 
the battle, but they steadily lost as their flanks 
were turned. The desperate efforts made near 
Round Top Hill to pierce the Union lines of 
battle show that they were compelled to resort to 
desperate methods if possible to regain a lost 
position. It was too late however. 

The Confederate loss was about 5,000 killed; 
about 23,000 wounded. Many wounded were left 
on the field of battle. About 8000 prisoners, several 
cannon and a very large number of small arms, 
from a minnie rifle to a squirrel gun were captured. 

The Union loss was 2,834 killed, 13,713 
wounded and 6,643 missing. The battle field at 
Gettysburg has become a memorable place, and 
doubtless will continue to be so as long as the 
nation lasts. 



—133— 

Whilst it is true the war continued more than 
one year after the battle of Gettysburg, yet that 
may be regarded as the turning point in the con- 
flict. Had the Confederate army been victorious 
in the battle at Gettysburg the rebellion probably 
would have been successful. But God, who rules 
on earth as well as in heaven, ordered it other- 
wise. Dr. Conrad, the able editor of the Luth- 
eran Observer, says: 

We do not claim that God wrought miracles in 
favor of the Army of the Potomac, during the 
great conflict at Gettysburg, but we maintain that 
He so ordered the controlling circumstances and 
turning points of the battle, as to give that army 
the victory. In confirmation of this view, we 
present the following facts and incidents: 

The first of these is found in the commanding 
general. Victory is frequently determined by the 
ability and experience of the chief of an army, 
and the degree of confidence reposed in him by 
his officers and men. General Hooker was 
removed, and General Meade appointed his suc- 
cessor, on the Sabbath preceding the Wednesday 
when the battle began. He had never fought a 



—184— 

battle as commander, and his army knew him as 
their leader but three days. He had no exper- 
ience in planning a battle, and his officers and 
soldiers had never fought one under him. They 
were comparatively unacquainted with each other. 
Never did a general lead an army to battle, never 
did an army enter upon an engagement under 
circumstances more trying than those which en- 
compassed General Meade and his army at Get- 
tysburg. An error of judgment by the President, 
in the removal of one and the appointment of 
another commander — a mistake or blunder by 
General Meade — and the battle of Gettysburg 
would have been lost. 

The position occupied by an army is an impor 
tant circumstance in determining the result of a 
battle. The Union army occupied Cemetery 
Hill, immediately south of Gettysburg. It has 
been compared to a horse-shoe, the toe of which 
was turned towards the town, the left heel extend- 
ing to Round Top, and the right to Wolfs Hill. 
It was elevated, admirably adapted to defence, 
and hard to be turned. The ridge which consti- 
tuted it was stony, and at some places even rocky. 



The owners of the land had used the stone and 
rock thus furnished for fencing; miles of which 
were found just where they were needed for 
breastworks. Where this was not the case, stone, 
timber, rails and earth were found, in adequate 
quantities to fill up the gaps, thus giving the 
Union army, with little labor, an entirely en. 
trenched line of battle. 

The manner in which this position was secured 
must not be overlooked. General Reynolds, 
supported by General Howard, had attacked the 
enemy beyond Seminary Hill, just north of the 
town, with the intention of holding that range 
until a division of the Union army could come up 
to occupy it. But being overpowered by superior 
numbers, he was compelled to fall back through 
the streets of Gettysburg, to Cemetery Hill. The 
position voluntarily chosen was Seminary Hill; 
the position necessarily taken was Cemetery Hill; 
and yet the latter was a much stronger one than 
the former. It commanded a view before and 
around it for ten miles. No movement could be 
made by the enemy, from any part of his line, 
which could not be immediately observed by 



—186— 

General Meade. Besides, there was nothing 
except the town, several strips of woods, and a 
few houses and barns, which could afford him any 
shelter in his advances, and he could conse- 
quently be subjected to a concentrated fire from 
almost every point of attack. Its horse-shoe 
shape enabled the commanding general to hold 
his entire army close in hand, and to move re- 
inforcements rapidly from one point to another, as 
the tremendous massed charges of the enemy 
might demand. 

The offensive and the defensive are important 
in their bearing on victory. It is easier to defend 
than to take a position. Other things being 
equal, the army on the defensive has greatly the 
advantage of the army on the offensive, and this 
advantage was on the side of the Union army. 
Had Elwell and Hill pressed their advantage on 
Wednesday evening, and driven Meade from 
Cemetery Hill, as it was possible for them to do, 
the Union army would have lost not only their 
impregnable position, but the defensive. Had 
Lee entrenched himself on Thursday on Seminary 
Hill, Meade would have been compelled to give 



— 1S7— 

him battle by taking the offensive. And in that 
event the advantages which were on the Union 
side would have been theirs, and the result, in all 
human probability, changed from victory to 
defeat. But all this was otherwise, because the 
hand of God was in it. 

The condition of an army very frequently deter- 
mines its success or failure in an engagement. 
The army of the Potomac had just marched over 
two hundred miles. The weather during their 
march was cloudy and rainy, rendering the roads 
muddy and their march fatiguing. Many corps 
were yet far from the field of battle when it 
began. Under the spur of the sound of artillery, 
heard in the distance, they came up hurriedly, 
took their positions, and began the work of in- 
trenchment. They were a tired army, needing 
rest, sleep, and food to bring them into their 
highest state of courage and hope, strength and 
efficiency; and they were outnumbered by their 
antagonists not less than twenty thousand men. 
The Army of Virginia, was in ( a very different 
condition. It had marched leisurely into the 
loyal states. It was in perfect discipline, rested, 



—158— 

well fed, and fully equipped. It was composed 
of veterans baptized in fire. It was led by a 
general under whom it had fought for years, 
whose military genius had given it renown, and 
whom it regarded as invincible. 

Immediately in the rear of the cemetery, on 
the Taneytown road, stood a small white house. 
It was occupied by General Meade as his head- 
quarters. It was exposed to the fire of a hun- 
dred guns for hours. The shells passed over it, 
fell all around it, struck different parts of it, and 
exploded near it. One entered the chimney, 
but its fuse went out, and it fell down harmless. 
Sixteen horses tied around it were killed, and 
many of his staff made hair-breadth escapes, so 
that while Lee was covered by the hospital flag 
on the cupola of the College, Meade, although 
exposed to a storm of artillery, was covered by 
the hollow of God's hand, and remained un- 
moved and unharmed. 

The crises of battle constitute the turning 
points of victory: They were numerous and 
they were on the Union side. The propitious 
arrival of the Sixth Corps is one of them. A 



-139- 



grand charge en masse, was being made across 
the plain; on the afternoon of the second day 
the Third Corps was broken, the Second and 
Fifth came to their support; but all combined 
were unable to check the advancing column. 
The crisis had arrived, but with it also, the ar- 
rival of Sedgewick's corps. His men had 
marched thirty hours, and were foot sore, worn 
and weary. They were ordered to the charge. 
Without hesitation, they flung away their knap 
sacks, forgot their fatigue and hunger, rushed 
forward, threw themselves into the fight, repulsed 
he enemy and saved the day. Once the enemy 
had almost reached the Union intrenchments on 
the left, when an enfilading fire from Cemetery 
Hill mowed them down. At another time they 
had come up to the Union guns in the centre, and 
were about turning them upon the Union men, 
when they were driven back at the point of the 
bayonet. Again they made a desperate effort to 
tun Meade's right flank', and had succeeded so 
far as to hold part of the position, but they were, 
nevertheless, repulsed with dreadful slaughter. 
The so-called accidents or mishaps of a battle 



— 160— 

frequently determine its result. The Union army 
had none at Gettysburg. Everything wanted was 
there, and everything was in its place. There 
was no panic, as at Bull Run; no blundering, as 
at Ball's Bluff; no treachery, as at Harper's Ferry; 
no breaking, as at Chancellorsville; no disobedi- 
ence of orders, as at Manassas; no direliction ot 
duty, as< at Fredericksburg. There was military 
ability of a high order, displayed in disposition 
and strategy, by the commanding general, effi- 
cient co-operation on the part of subordinate offi- 
cers, and courage and endurance never excelled 
on the part of the rank and file. 

Nor can we omit the circumstance, that the 
battle was fought in Pennsylvania. The Army 
of Virginia had invaded the North, in defiance of 
the Army of the Potomac. It had overrun Mary- 
land, and the border counties of Pennsylvania. 
It was flushed with victory and laden with spoils. 
Its general took the offensive, in the full assurance 
that he could overwhelm his opponent with defeat, 
and become the dictator of the terms of peace, 
either at Philadelphia or Washington. But it was 
to fight on loyal soil, and though it fought with 



unsurpassed gallantry and courage, yea, with 
desperation, it was doomed to defeat. With the 
Army of the Potomac, all this was different. It 
had marched from the soil of Virginia to that of 
Pennsylvania. It was now in the North; on free 
soil; at home. It was called upon to expel the 
invaders, and drive them back to the home of the 
rebellion. It felt that the eye of the nation was 
fixed upon it, and the hopes of millions concen- 
trated on it. And, although it fought an enemy 
who had repulsed it at Fredericksburg, and 
before whom it had retreated when they last met 
at Chancellorsville, it nevertheless fought him 
under the inspiration of Home, Loyalty and Lib- 
erty and gained the day. 

And now, when we put all the links of this 
chain of circumstances together, it seems to us 
that the hand of God becomes clearly manifest, 
not only in forging each link, but also in connect- 
ing them all together, and forming an entire 
chain. How easy it would have been for one or 
the other of these circumstances to have turned 
out differently! And if this had been the case, 
who can doubt that the battle of Gettysburg mighi 



— 162— 

and in all human probability would, have been 
lost. And as an inspired writer could declare, 
after a successful engagement of Dav.d with the 
Philistines, "The Lord wrought a great victory 
that day;" so too are we called upon to acknowl- 
edge that God wrought a great victory for the 
nation at Gettysburg. 

The battle at Helena, Ark., fought July 4, 
1863. The Union forces were commanded by 
Gen. Prentiss, numbering about 4,000 strong; 
the Confederates were under Gen. Holmes, num- 
bering about 7,000 men; they were defeated with 
a loss of 173 killed, 687 wounded and 776 
missing; Union loss was only about 250 killed 
and wounded. 

Vicksburg, Miss., surrendered July 4, 1863. 
Gen. Grant having all his plans matured, com- 
menced the siege of Vicksburg May 18, 1863; 
the bombardment was prosecuted with great vigor 
from time to time until the surrender, which 
occurred July 4, 1863. Gen. Pemberton com- 
manded the Confederate forces. 

Vicksburg was regarded as one of the Confed- 
erate strong holds and the holding of it was of 



—163— 

great importance to them. Gen. Grant's success 
in getting below Vicksburg presents a succession 
of masterly pieces of strategy. The first move 
was to cut Lake Providence above Milligan's 
Bend, letting out the water over a large district 
of country west of his army, then putting a large 
force to work on Butler's canal. This enabled 
him to have a kind of communication with the 
Confederate pickets; he, almost nightly, sending 
down the river by the Confederate batteries what 
they called dummies, made of empty coal barges. 
The men working on the cut-off, as it was called, 
would twit the Confederates about wasting ammu- 
nition on the dummies. This became so common 
that it began to be disregarded. It is true that 
familiarity often breeds indifference and some- 
times contempt. In this case it was indifference. 
One dark night at the proper time transports, 
loaded with provisions and munitions of war, 
were sent down the river and most all of them 
were successful in running the gauntlett in the 
face of well constructed batteries. The Confed- 
erates supposed that the boats were the usual 
dummies floating leisurely down the river. They 



—164— 

discovered their mistake when too late to open 
their batteries in full on these boats. The 
construction of a road from Milligan's Bend 
south through what were regarded as impassable 
swamps, over which to send at least a part of his 
army to operate from the south towards Vicks- 
burg, was successfully prosecuted by the Union 
troops. Without realizing what these several 
plans involved Gen. Grant could not have taken 
Vicksburg. All these plans worked out success- 
fully, whilst he was quietly, as it was supposed, 
lying at Milligan's Bend, waiting for something 
to turn up. One of Gen. Grant's strong points 
was he kept his own counsel. This is what gave 
him success often. 

The Confederate Gen. Pemberton, who occu- 
pied the place, surrendered unconditionally 27,000 
soldiers, 132 cannons, among which was an 
English gun called "Whistling Dick." This was 
a beautiful and effective cannon presented, as I 
saw inscribed on the gun, by Englishmen in Lon- 
don. There were about 50,000 small arms 
surrendered and some army equipage. The 
taking of Vicksburg opened the full length of 



-168- 

the Mississippi river to the Union army. A 
great point gained. 

The battle at Port Hudson, La., ended July 
7, 1863. Gen. Banks, with his Union forces, 
commenced the seige of Port Hudson May 27, 
1863; the Confederates who held this strongly 
fortified garrison were under Gen. Gardener ; the 
first two days of the seige the Union side lost 
heavily. The surrender of Vicksburg doubtless 
influenced the Confederates at Port Hudson to do 
so likewise. They surrendered 6,408 men, two 
steamboats, fifty cannons and a large quantity of 
army stores; the Union loss in killed and 
wounded was about 3,000. 

About this time there were several draft riots 
in the North. From July 13 to 16, 1863, there 
were draft riots in New York City, in Boston, in 
Chicago, in Holmes and Crawford counties Ohio, 
and in several counties in Indiana. The mob 
held New York City in its clutches for three days ; 
the drafting officers were driven out of their 
headquarters and buildings, and one colored 
Orphans' Asylum was burned down and many 
depredations committed by anti-drafting mobs. 



-166- 

But by the strong arm of the government these 
lawless bands, that infested many regions of the 
country, were put down. It is said these anti-draft 
mobs cost New York City over $1,000,000. 

The battle at Jackson, Miss., fought July 17, 
1863. Union forces were under Gen. Sherman 
and the Confederates under Gen. Johnston. 
Gen. Sherman vanquished Gen. Johnston and 
took possession of Jackson, securing a large 
amount of army property. 

Natchez, Miss., surrendered to a Union force 
under the command of Gen. Ransom, July 17, 
1863. The Union army secured a large quantity 
of munitions of war and provisions. 

The battle at -Elk Creek, Ark., fought July 17, 
1863. The Union troops were under General 
Blunt, numbering about 3,000 strong; the Con- 
federates were under Gen. Cooper, numbering 
about 5,000; the Confederates were defeated 
with the loss of 184 killed and wounded; the 
Union loss was about 40 killed and wounded. 

A cavalry raid in North Carolina started out 
July 20, 1863. The object of this expedition 
on the part of the Union army was to cut and 



-167— 

disable the Wilmington and Welden Railroad ; 
Union General Foster was successful, retiring 
without loss. 

The battle at Wytheville, Va. , fought July 20, 
1863. The Union Zouave Ohio 34th regiment, 
under the command of Col. Toland ; there was a 
severe conflict between this regiment of mounted 
infantry and a Confederate force mainly conceal- 
ed in certain buildings ; the buildings for that 
reason were burned. The Confederate loss was 
75 killed and many wounded, 120 prisoners, three 
cannon and many small arms ; the Union loss 
was 65 killed and wounded, including Col. To- 
land who was killed while leading his regiment in 
the action ; the musket ball that killed him was 
fired out of a building. 

The battle near Manassas Gap, Va. , fought 
July 23, 1863. The Union General, Spinola, 
with a body of troops defeated a body of Confed- 
erate troops ; they were driven some distance and 
utterly demoralized. 

There was a skirmish conducted by Col. Kit 
Carson on the Union side ; he lead the New 
Mexico regiment in a fight with the Navajo In- 



-168— 

dians near Fort Camby ; the Indians were de- 
feated July 28, 1863. 

The Confederates invaded Kentucky July 28, 
1863. There was much uneasiness felt in Ohio 
as Cincinnati seemed to be the objective point at 
which the Confederates aimed; Governor Tod 
ordered the squirrel hunters out and many brave 
men and boys reported immediately to the Quar- 
termaster at Cincinnati. It is a mooted question 
to this day whether the Confederate General, 
Kirby Smith, was or was not apprised of the fact 
that Ohio's Squirrel Hunters, with their guns in 
hand, were on the war path at Cincinnati waiting 
for a pontoon to cross over into Kentucky to 
give battle to the invaders. It is a fact, at any 
rate, that Kirby Smith, without attempting to 
capture Cincinnati, quickly retreated from that 
neighborhood. 

The battle at Culpepper Court House, Va. , 
fought Aug. 2, 1863. This was a cavalry fight 
between Union Col. Buford and Confederate Gen. 
Stewart ; the contest was short but not decisive. 

The battle at Granada, Miss., fought August 
17, 1863. The Union force was under command 



-169— 

of Gen. Hulburt, numbering about 2,000; the 
Confederate troops were under the command of 
Gen. Slimmer, numbering about 2,500 men. 
After a short contest the Confederates, being 
panic stricken, abandoned the place pell mell, 
leaving much valuable army property in the 
hands of the Union army. 

There was one battle fought in the Indian Ter- 
ritory, Aug. 22, 1863. The Union troops under 
the command of Gen. Blunt numbered 4,500 
strong; the Confederate force under Gen. Cooper 
numbered 11,000; the Confederates were driven 
back to Red River with severe loss ; the Union 
loss was small. 

In a skirmish August 22, 1863, the Union cav- 
alry under Gen. Woodson made at attack upon 
the Confederates under Jeff Thompson, capturing 
him and most of his guerilla band. 

A skirmish occurred Aug. 23, 1863, at Browns- 
ville, Ark. The Union forces under Gen. Da- 
vidson, with a part of Gen. Steel's command, 
numbering about 4,000 men, put to flight Gen. 
Marmaduke's command numbering about 3,000. 
with considerable loss ; there was no Union loss. 



— 170- 

September i, 1863, Gen. Blunt defeated Gens. 
Cooper and Caball and captured Ft. Smith; the 
Union loss was small. 

The guerilla raid, under Quantrell, during the 
latter part of August, 1863. Guerilla Quantrell, 
with his band of Missouri desperados, numbering 
about 350 strong, entered Lawrence, Kan., Aug. 
25, about midnight and murdered men, women 
and children to the number of 145 and wounding 
591, many mortally; the guerillas set fire to the 
city and burned 183 buildings; this was doubt- 
lessly the result of an old grudge. A company 
of soldiers was speedily organized and placed 
under the command of Col. James H. Lane; the 
guerillas were pursued and overtaken, and about 
80 of them killed and the balance disbanded and 
scattered abroad in Missouri. QuantrelPs band 
was not connected with the Confederate army but 
worked in an independent way for the Confederacy. 

The surrender of Knoxville, Tenn., occurred 
Sept. 3, 1863. The Union forces under General 
Burnside invested Knoxville, held by the Con- 
federate troops under Gen. Buckner. General 
Buckner evacuated the place Sept. 3, 1863, an d 



-171— 

Gen. Burnside with his forces entered, capturing 
valuable army stores. 

A battle at Sabine City, Texas, fought Sept. 8, 
1863. The Union forces were under General 
Franklin, and were defeated with some loss by a 
superior number of Confederates ; the Union loss 
was two gunboats. 

Chattanooga, Tenn. , evacuated Sept. 8, 1863. 
The Confederate troops under Gen. Bragg held 
Chattanooga until the approach of the Union 
forces under the command Gen. Rosecrans ; the 
Confederates, without a contest, evacuated the 
place and the Union troops took possession ; the 
Confederates being re-inforced drove the Union 
army out of Chattanooga. Out of this contest 
grew the fearful battle of Chicamauga a few days 
later. 

Cumberland Gap, an important gate way, was 
alternately held by the Confederates and the 
Union forces. Now, again, the Union forces 
under Gen. Burnside, after a little struggle with 
the Confederates Sept. 9, 1863, recaptured it from 
Confederate Gen. Frazer, with about 2,000 pris- 
oners and army stores. 



—172— 

The battle of Chickamauga, Tenn. , was fought 
Sept. 19 and 20, 1863; tne Union forces were un- 
der the command of Gen. Rosecrans, numbering 
about 55,000 men; the Confederate troops, under 
Gen. Bragg, numbered about 50,000 strong. The 
battle was one of the severest of the war. The 
first day's fight was, if anything, in favor of the 
Confederates ; the second day, Gen. Thomas, by 
his timely presence, evidently saved the Union 
forces from an utter defeat. The Union army re- 
treated in good order to Chattanooga. The Union 
loss was 1,644 killed, 9,262 wounded and 4,945 
prisoners ; the Confederate loss, it is estimated, in 
killed, wounded and missing was not less than 
18,000 men. The Confederates did not attempt 
to regain Chattanooga. 

Wheeler's cavalry raid, north of the Tennessee 
river. The Confederate cavalry force, under Gen. 
Wheeler, was intercepted and driven back over 
the Tennessee river with considerable loss Oct. 9, 
1863. 

The battle of Mission Ridge and Lookout 
Mountain, fought Nov. 24, 25 and 26, 1863. 
The Union troops were really under the command 



173— 

of Gen. Grant, numbering about 80,000 strong; 
the Confederates were under Gen. Bragg, num 
bering about 50,000 strong. Gen. Grant saw that 
the Confederate batteries, located on Lookout 
Mountain so as to defend a semi-circle, could not 
be taken by direct assault. The delay of attack, 
so severely criticized by the newspapers generally, 
was to give time for a stragetic plan devised, to 
work out fully. The plan was this : The Union 
pickets were encouraged to cultivate friendly rela- 
tions with the Confederate pickets, and they first 
carried on a kind of commerce in coffee, tobacco 
and canteens. Finally they agreed mutually to 
stack arms between certain hours and have a good 
social time. This was carried on until the night 
before the battle. After the stacking of arms by 
both picket guards, strong, brave men were 
selected, who were in ambush, and sprang upon 
the Confederate pickets unarmed, and gagged 
them, and took them to the rear ; and the Union 
men disrobed the Confederates, and putting on 
their caps and overcoats, took the places of the 
Confederate pickets, and the Confederate officer, 
making the grand rounds about midnight, suspect- 



—174 

ing nothing wrong, reported all right. The night 
being dark, the Union forces cautiously advanced 
and by daylight many brave soldiers had pulled 
themselves up the steep sides of Lookout Moun- 
tain by taking hold of the underbrush. The 
Confederates were panic-stricken, for they were 
at the mercy of the Union sharp shooters. The 
Confederates were not able to depress the range 
of their guns, and hence their guns were useless 
to them. There was a cry all along the Confed- 
erate line, "Feds, show us your rear." I got my 
information about this stragetic movement from 
the General who had much to do in carrying it 
out. There was no contest on Lookout Mountain 
and this was the stronghold of the Confederate 
army. The severe fight was at Mission Ridge ; 
here the contest was prolonged and bloody. The 
Union, loss was about 775 killed, about 4,530 
wounded and 330 missing. The Confederate loss 
was estimated at not less than 5,000 killed and 
wounded ; they lost 6, 142 men taken prisoners, 
40 cannon and 7,000 stands of small arms. This 
battle ended the fighting in Tennessee, except oc- 
casional skirmishes, until the battle of Spring Hill, 



fought Nov. 29, 1864. There was skirmishing 
between the Union troops under Gen. Burnside 
and the Confederates under Gen. Longstreet ; 
the Confederates, hearing of the defeat of Gen. 
Bragg's forces at Lookout Mountain and Mission 
Ridge, retreated from before Knoxville. Their 
loss in the several skirmishes near Knoxville was 
about 500 killed and wounded ; the Union loss 
did not exceed 50. 

There was a battle at Bachelor's Creek, near 
Newburn, N. C, fought Feb. 1, 1864. This 
battle was fought between a small force of Union 
troops under Gen. Palmer and a body of Confed- 
erates numbering about 15,000 strong. The 
Union forces, after a short engagement, retreated 
in good order with a small loss. What was lost 
to the Union squadron was regained by the Union 
forces under Capt. Allen in a few hours after; the 
Union forces continued to hold Newburn, N. C. 

The battle at Stephensburg, Va. , fought Feb. 
6, 1864. The Union forces under Gen. Sedge- 
wick, numbering about 5,000 men, made an at- 
tack on a body of Confederates, and were repulsed 
with a loss of about 200 killed and wounded. 



—176— 

Sherman's raid into the heart of Mississippi. 
Gen. Sherman, with a Union force of about 25^000 
men, started from Big Black River Feb. 3, 1864. 
After penetrating to the middle of the State he 
returned to Vicksburg, March 4, 1864. 

Sherman's raid went as far into the interior of 
Mississippi as Meridian ; in twenty-four days, he, 
with his force, traveled four hundred miles, engag- 
ing in four or five skirmishes, liberating a large 
number of slaves ; the most of these he brought 
with him to Vicksburg ; as he came into the city 
immediately in front of this motley crowd he was 
asked how many contrabands he had, and his 
reply was that he had about eleven miles of them. 
Their appearance was most ludicrous and beggars 
description ; clad in all kinds of garments and 
having utilized all kinds of vehicles imaginable, 
and singing their plantation songs, they made a 
triumphal entrance into Vicksburg ; the Union 
loss during this raid was only about 50 men killed 
and wounded. 

The battle of Plymouth, N. C, was fought 
Feb. 17, 1864. The Union General, Wessel, had 
charge of the fort with about 1,500 men ; the Con- 



federates were under Gen. Hoke, who with a force 
of about 10,000 attacked the fort and after a seige 
of four days the fort was captured. The Union 
loss was 1, 500 prisoners, a few killed and wounded 
and a large quantity of army stores and guns. 

The battle at Olustree, Florida, fought Feb. 20, 
1864. The Union troops under Gen. Seymore, 
numbering about 5,000, were attacked by a Con- 
federate force under Gen. Fennegen, numbering 
about 3,000 strong, and defeated with a loss 
of 2,000 men; Confederate loss was about 1,000 
men. 

There was a raid made upon Richmond, Va., 
Feb. 28, 1864. Gen. Kirkpatrick, having under 
his command a cavalry force, started from the 
Army of the Potomac with a determination of 
liberating the Union prisoners held by the Con- 
federates at Richmond. After a series of skir- 
mishes, in one of which Col. Dalgren lost his life, 
Gen. Kirkpatrick returned with his troops having 
destroyed much Confederate army property but 
did not succeed in reaching the prisoners ; the 
Union loss was small. 

Fort De Russey, La., was captured March 15, 



-178— 

1864. Gen. Mower commanded a division of 
Union troops and captured the Fort without seri- 
ous loss; he captured twelve cannon, 2,000 bar_ 
rels of powder, ammunition and other army stores 
and 325 prisoners. 

There was a skirmish at Union City, Tenn. , 
March 24, 1864. Five hundred Union soldiers 
under Col. Hawkins were attacked by a larger 
force of Confederates under Gen. Forrest ; the 
Union force surrendered after a short contest and 
were paroled. 

The battle at Paducah, Ky., fought March 25. 
The Union forces were doing guard duty under 
Col. Hicks, numbering 675 men; the Union 
forces were well intrenched ; they were attacked 
by a Confederate force under Generals Bu- 
ford, Forrest, Harrison and Thompson, num- 
bering, it is estimated, 6,000 strong; the attack 
was successfully repelled ; the Confederate loss 
was about 300 killed and about 1,000 wounded; 
the Union loss was 14 killed and 40 wounded. 

A raid in Arkansas made March 26, 1864. A 
division of Union soldiers under Gen. Rosecrans 
made a raid from Pine Bluff to Mt. Elba and 



—179— 

along the Washeta River destroying bridges and 
Confederate army supplies. At Monticello a 
skirmish occurred ; the Confederates were routed 
and their army supplies were captured; the Union 
loss was 15 men killed. 

The battle of Natchitoches, La, fought March 
31, 1864. The Union troops engaged in this 
battle was a division of Gen. Banks' army; the 
Confederates were under Gen. Taylor, number- 
ing about r,ooo strong. After a short, hot con- 
test the Confederates retreated with a loss of 
eight killed, several wounded and 25 prisoners; 
the Union loss was small, if any. 

Battle at Crump's Hill, La., fought April 2, 
1864. The engagement took place between a 
division of Gen. Banks' troops, under Col. Lee, 
and a body of Confederates under Gen. Forrest ; 
the contest was severe, and the Confederates re- 
treated ; their loss was considerable ; the Union 
loss was very small. 

The fight near Pleasant Hill, La., took place 
April 7, 1864. The Union troops were under 
Gen. Lee of Banks' army; the Confederates were 
under Gen. Green ; the fight was a severe con- 



— 180— 

test, and the loss on both sides wes about equal — 
about 40 killed and wounded on each side. 

The battle at Sabine Cross Roads, La., fought 
April 8, 1864. The Union forces under General 
Banks numbered about 18,000; the Confederates 
under Generals Dick Taylor, Kirby Smith and 
Price numbered about 20,000 men; the first day 
of the engagement the Union troops were repell- 
ed with considerable loss, but the second day the 
Union forces rallied and fought desperately and 
repelled the Confederates. The loss was heavy 
on both sides — not less than 2,000 killed and 
wounded on each side ; the Union soldiers cap- 
tured 700 prisoners. 

The battle of Fort Pillow, Tenn., fought April 
12, 1864. The Union forces under Major Booth, 
mostly colored soldiers, held the fort ; the attack 
was made by Gen. Forrest and his command of 
Confederate cavalry. Major Booth was killed, 
and it is a historical fact that no quarter was 
given to the colored troops but all were slaugh- 
tered without mercy. 

A gunboat fight took place as Plymouth, N. C, 
April 18, 1864, between the Confederate ironclad 



-181— 

boat, Albemarle, and several Union gunboats but 
the contest did not give the victory to either side. 

The Battles of the Wilderness, so called be- 
cause of the heavily timbered country in which 
these battles occurred. The Union forces were 
under Gen. Grant and numbered 130,000 men; 
the Confederates under Gen. Lee numbered 
about 110,000 men. The series of battles in the 
wilderness commenced May 5 and continued till 
May 31, 1864; there were twenty-seven days of 
battle; the conflict was desperate; the Union 
losses in all these battles footed up 5,584 killed, 
28,364 wounded, 7,450 missing; the Confederate 
loss is estimated at not less than 20,000. 

A steamboat raid made May 5, 1864. The 
Union forces under Gen. Butler started from 
Fortress Monroe up James River on a raid to- 
wards Richmond. Occasional skirmishes took 
place along the river, but no important end was 
accomplished, and the expedition returned with- 
out loss — having burned several Confederate 
bridges. 

The battle of Fort Darling, Virginia, fought 
May 18, 1864, between the Union forces under 



—182— 

Gen. Butler and the Confederates under Gen. 
Beauregard. The Union forces were driven back 
with considerable loss the first day, but next day, 
by the aid of the gunboats, the Confederates were 
repulsed ; the losses not ascertained. 

The battle at Kulps House, Virginia, fought 
May 22, 1864. The Union forces were under 
Generals Hooker and Scofield ; the Confederates 
were under Gen. Hood. The Confederate troops 
made the attack and were repulsed with consider- 
able loss, especially in prisoners. 

Battle at Willson's Landing, Virginia, fought 
May 24, 1864.- A colored Union regiment under 
Col. Wild was attacked by a cavalry force under 
Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, but the Confederates were 
not able to drive the Union forces out of their for- 
tifications, so they retired. 

The battle of New Hope Church, Ga. , fought 
May 29, 1864. This battle was fought between a 
division of Gen. Sherman's army and a division of 
the Confederate army under Gen. Johnston. 
After several hours' contest the Confederates re- 
treated. What the loss was has not been reported. 

The battle at Powder Springs, Ga. , fought May 



—183— 

30, 1 864. Gen. McPherson commanded the 
Union forces and Gen. Johnston commanded the 
Confederate forces. After a severe contest the 
Confederates retreated, leaving the battlefield in 
the hands of the Union troops ; the Confederate 
loss was 2,500 killed and wounded and 300 pris- 
oners; the Union loss was about 350 in all. 

The raid under Sherman, from Chattanooga to 
Savannah, Ga. This raid was arranged by Gen- 
erals Grant and McPherson, and executed by Gen. 
Sherman, who commanded a force in the start 
that numbered about 100,000 strong. The expe- 
dition started from Chattanooga, Generals Thomas, 
McPherson, Logan, Scofield, Blair and Howard 
commanding divisions. The Confederates that 
tried to check the expedition were Generals John- 
ston, Hood, Hardee, Polk and Wheeler's cavalry 
to harrass the Union flanks. The Confederate 
force numbered 60,000 strong. The expedition 
was put in motion May 7, 1864, but did not leave 
Atlanta until September, 1864. A series of bat- 
tles were fought in Georgia before the expedition 
could proceed to the seaboard as contemplated. 
The Union troops were successful in reaching 



—184— 

Savannah, after engaging in many skirmishes and 
battles. A very important end was gained ; this 
did much to break the back of the rebellion. 

A raid in Virginia conducted by Sheridan. He, 
with a body of Union cavalry, started out May 
13, 1864, and got into the rear of Gen. Lee's 
army, destroying the Confederate army supplies. 
At Hanover Junction he captured several railroad 
trains from the Confederates. 

The battle of Resaca, Ga. , fought May 15, 
1864. This battle was one of the series fought 
before Gen. Sherman could advance with his ex- 
pedition through the State. At this battle Gen. 
Sherman commanded the Union forces; the Con- 
federates were commanded by Gen. Johnston. 
The battle, which was a severe one, lasted two 
days ; the Confederates, on the second day of the 
fight, evacuated Resaca. The carnage was dread- 
ful. The Union army lost, it is estimated, not 
less than 3,600 killed, wounded and missing ; the 
Confederate loss was not less than 2,000 killed 
and wounded, besides a large number missing. 
The Confederates had three generals killed. 

The second battle of Cold Harbor, Va., fought 



—188— 

June 3, 1864. The Union forces were under 
Generals Grant and Meade ; the Confederates 
were under Generals Lee and Longstreet. The 
fight was a desperate contest lasting only a few 
hours ; the Union army was repulsed. The Un- 
ion loss was very great, and is estimated at not 
less than 7,000 killed and wounded; the Confed- 
erate loss is estimated at 3,500 killed and wounded. 

The battle of Pine Mountain, Ga., fought June 14, 
1864. This was another one of the battles under 
Gen. Sherman on the line of his expedition. The 
Confederates here were under the command of 
Gen. Johnston. The contest was a severe one ;. 
The Confederates retreated to Kenesaw Mountain 
and intrenched themselves strongly. The Con- 
federates lost heavily, and among the killed was 
Gen. Polk ; the Union loss was not so great. 

The continued raid under Gen. Sheridan in 
Virginia. He, with his Union cavalry force on 
the 7th of June, 1864, made a dash and destroyed 
the railroad leading to Gordansville. A skirmish 
took place near Gordansville, and Gen. Sheridan 
captured about 500 prisoners, with a large quantity 
of army stores. Next day a severe contest took 



—186— 

place on the other side of Gordansville. The 
Confederates lost a large number of officers and 
privates ; the Union loss was about 85 killed and 
480 wounded. The Union forces were successful 
in these raids. 

The raid in Kentucky under Morgan June 7, 
1864. Gen. Morgan, with his Confederate 
guerillas, again visited Kentucky. He captured 
and plundered Lexington and Cynthiana. He 
was pursued by a Union division under Gen. 
Burbridge and driven back into Tennessee. His 
career was finally ended at Greenville, Tenn., 
Sept. 5, 1864; his hiding place was revealed by a 
Union woman, and was killed by a Union squad. 

A raid in the Shenandoah Valley, Va. , June 
16, 1864. The Union cavalry was under Gen. 
Averall. This force was sent to destroy the East 
Tennessee and Virginia Railroad so as to cut off 
Gen. Lee's supplies ; they were successful in de- 
stroying the railroad; they tore up fifteen miles 
of railroad and captured quite a quantity of army 
supplies. In a skirmish with the Confederate 
guards he captured 200 prisoners ; the Union loss 
was five wounded, 14 missing. 



—187— 

The battle at Petersburg, Va., fought June 15 
and 16, 1864. The Union army under General 
Grant numbered 100.000 men; the Confederate 
forces under Gen. Lee numbered about 70,000 
men. There was a prolonged contest; the Con- 
federate troops had the advantage of their strong 
fortifications; the first day's fight resulted in the 
repulse of the Union forces ; during the second 
day's fight a mine which the Union soldiers 
had secretly constructed under the Confederate 
fort containing 8,000 pounds of powder was ex- 
ploded ; the effect was not as favorable as was 
expected ; the upheaval rendered access to the 
city by that route impossible, so the Union forces 
withdrew ; the battle was not really decided ; the 
Union loss was 4,600 killed and wounded; the 
Confederate loss is estimated at about 1,000 
killed and wounded. 

The battle at Rude's Hill, Va., fought Jan. 18, 
1864. The Union forces were commanded by 
Gen. Siegel, numbering about 6,000 men; the 
Confederates, under Gen. Breckenridge number- 
ing about 7,000 strong, defeated the Union forces 
with a small loss ; the Union loss was about 600 
killed, wounded and missing. 



—188— 

The battle at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., fought 
June 27, 1864. This was another battle of the 
series and was a severe one. The Confederates 
were strongly intrenched and it was found impos- 
sible to dislodge them by direct attack, so a flank 
movement was resorted to which proved success- 
ful July 3, 1864. The Union loss was large, es- 
timated to be about 2,500 killed and wounded — 
we having no exact report; the Confederate loss 
was large but is not published. The Confeder- 
ates escaped to Atlanta. 

The battle at Monocacy Creek, Md., fought 
July 9, 1864. The Union forces under General 
Wallace were attacked by the Confederates under 
Gen. Early ; the Union forces were compelled to 
fall back with a loss of about 1,200 killed, 
wounded and missing ; the Confederate loss not 
known. 

A battle was fought five miles from Wash- 
ington, D. C, July. 11, 1864. The Union 
forces under command of Gen. Auger attacked 
a brigade of Confederate cavalry troops and put 
them to flight; the Confederates lost about 100 
killed and 200 wounded ; the Union loss was small. 



—189— 

The battle at Peach Tree, Ga. , was fought July 
20, 1S64. This was another of the battles under 
Sherman, who commanded the Union troops, and 
the Confederate troops under Gen. Johnston ; 
this was another hard fought battle ; the Confed- 
erates were driven from their intrenchments with 
a heavy loss, estimated at not less than 5,000 
killed, wounded and missing ; the Union loss was 
1,500 killed and wounded. 

A battle at Howard's House, Ga. , was fought 
July 22, 1864. This was another of the battles 
fought under Gen. Sherman, who commanded 
the Union forces. Gen. Hood having supersed- 
ed Gen. Johnston now commanded the Confed- 
erate forces. This was another severe battle, 
hotly contested in every quarter ; here the gallant 
Gen. McPherson fell ; the Union loss was about 
3,722 killed, wounded and missing; the Confed- 
erate loss is estimated at about 8,000 killed, 
wounded and prisoners. 

The second fight at Atlanta, Ga. , which occur- 
red July 24, 1864, was the last battle of the 
series under the command of Gen. Sherman, and 
the Confederates under Gen. Hood. This was a 



-190— 

severe fight, resulting in the repulse of the Con- 
federate force with a loss of 650 killed and about 
4,000 wounded and missing; the Union loss was 
about 600 killed and wounded. 

A skirmish . near Winchester, Va. , July 24, 
1864. The Union Gen. Crook, with a small 
force, was defeated by Confederate Gen. Early 
with a superior force ; the loss not reported. 

The raids in Georgia. Gen. Sherman found it 
necessary to send detachments of cavalry, under 
Gen Stoneman, to cut the Macon Railroad and 
also, if possible, release our suffering soldiers 
held as prisoners at Andersonville. Gen. Stone- 
man and his force was captured; Gen. McCook 
with another cavalry force was sent out to give 
aid to Gen: Stoneman ; his force was attacked by 
a large force of Confederates, but after a desper 
ate struggle he cut his way out and returned; the 
Union loss was about 500 killed and wounded in 
this raid which was abandoned. 

Chambersburg, Pa., was burned July 30, 1864. 
A Confederate cavalry force, under General 
McCausland, made a dash into Chambersburg 
and burned part of the town; about two hundred 
and fifty buildings were destroyed. 



—191- 

The battle at Moorefield, Va. , was fought Aug. 
7, 1864. This battle was between a Union force 
of cavalry under Gen. Averall, and a body of 
Confederate cavalry ; the Confederates were de- 
feated, losing all their artillery and wagons and 
50 prisoners, and the remainder dispersed ; the 
Union loss was nothing. 

The success of the Union fleet at Mobile, Ala. 
The engagement commenced August 6, 1864 . 
the Union fleet was under the command of Com- 
modore Farragut, the Confederates under Commo- 
dore Buckhanan. After a series of assaults by the 
Union fleet, all the forts in Mobile Bay surren- 
dered. The Confederates lost a large number of 
men and much army property. Commodore 
Buckhanan was killed. Gen. Granger assisted 
with Union land forces ; the Union loss was small. 

The Union raids in Shenandoah Valley, Va., 
from Aug. 9 to 16, 1864. Gen. Sheridan, with a 
Union cavalry force, scoured the valley. He had 
several skirmishes with bodies of Confederate 
troops in different parts of the valley— one at 
Sulphur Springs, another at Newtown, still another 
at Strawsburg. Having accomplished their ob- 



—192— 

ject, they retired to Charleston, Va., without any 
serious loss ; the Confederate loss in these several 
skirmishes is not reported. 

A battle was fought in Deep Bottom, Va., Aug. 
1 6, 1864, between a small Union body and a 
much larger Confederate force ; the Union troops 
retreated without serious loss. 

A Union raid was made to cut the Walden rail- 
road Aug. 18, 1864. The raid cost the Union 
army about 3,000 men taken prisoners and their 
army equipments. 

The battle of Ream's Station, Va. , fought Aug. 
25, 1864. The Union forces were under Gen. 
Hancock; the Confederates were under Gen. 
Early. The fight was a severe one ; the Union 
forces withdrew with a loss of about 3,000 killed 
and wounded. The Confederate loss was esti- 
mated at about 1,500 killed and wounded. 

Another raid was made in Georgia Aug. 18, 
1864. Gen. Kilpatrick, with a body of Union 
cavalry, was sent to cut Confederate railroads, to 
prevent the sending of troops. Gen. Kilpatrick 
succeeded in cutting the Macon and West Point 
railroads, and retired to Decatur without any 



—193— 

serious loss. He captured several cannon and 
prisoners. 

The battle of Jonesboro, Ga., fought Aug. 31, 
1864. A part of Sherman's forces, commanded 
by Gen. Howard, fought the Confederate army 
under Gen. Hood. After several hours' fighting 
the Confederates withdrew, with a loss of 1,400 
killed and wounded. The Union loss was not ex- 
ceeding 700 killed and wounded. 

About this time there were numerous raids 
made in Georgia, Tennessee and Kentucky from 
Aug. 30 to Sept. 8, 1864. Many of these were 
guerilla bush-whacking raids. 

The final surrender of Atlanta, Ga. , occurred 
Sept. 1, 1864. The Confederate, Gen. Hood, 
evacuated Atlanta and retreated to Macon. Now 
Sherman's expedition went forward with but little 
delay. Atlanta now became the headquarters of 
the Union army of Georgia. 

The battle near Winchester, Va., fought Sept. 
19, 1864. The Union troops were under Generals 
Avarell and Sheridan; the Confederates were 
under Gen. Early. The fight was a long one, from 
about 12 o'clock to 5 p. m. The Confederates 



—194— 

retreated, with Gen. Sheridan close in their rear. 
The Confederate loss was about 1,000 killed, 2,000 
wounded and about 3,000 prisoners; the Union 
loss was 653 killed and about 3,000 wounded and 
missing. 

The battle of Fisher's Hill, Va. , fought Sept. 
22, 1862. Generals Sheridan and Avarell, with 
the Union troops, followed the Confederates under 
Gen. Early. By flank movements the Confeder- 
ates were in a situation where they were com- 
pelled to stop and fight, but they were badly re- 
pulsed with a loss of about 300 killed, over 1,000 
prisoners, and a number of cannon and other 
army property. The Union loss was about 300 
killed and wounded. 

The battle at Pilot Knob, Mo., fought Sept. 28, 
1864. A Union brigade under the command of 
Gen. Ewing, held Pilot Knob. The Confederate 
Gen. Price, with a force numbering about 10,000, 
attacked the Union forces and was repulsed with 
loss. Gen. Ewing, after holding the place several 
days, retired. 

Battle at Mine Creek, Mo., fought Oct. 3, 
1864. The Union forces were attacked by Con- 



— 19S— 

federate Generals Price, Marmaduke and Caball. 
The Confederates were defeated with a loss of 
many killed and wounded, and a large number 
captured, among them Generals Marmaduke and 
Caball. The Confederates next had a skirmish 
with the Union troops at Newtown, and were de- 
feated; they lost 10 cannon, a large quantity of 
army property and 1,958 prisoners. This ended 
Gen. Price's invasion into Missouri. He was 
sorely punished. 

The battle of Altoona, Ga. , fought Oct. 5, 
1864. A small Union body, under the command 
of General _; Corse, was attacked by the Confed- 
erates under the^command of Gen. French. The 
Confederates were defeated with a loss of about 
2,000 killed, wounded and prisoners; the Union 
loss was about 700 killed and wounded. 

The battle at Tom's Brook, Va. , fought Oct. 8, 
1864. A division of Union cavalry under Gen- 
erals Custer and Merritt was attackedfby a^super 
ior force of Confederate cavalry under the com- 
mand of Generals Loomis^and Rosser. The 
Confederates were s defeated and driven from the 
battlefield with a loss of about 350, mostly pris- 
oners ; the Union loss was about 80 in all. 



—196— 

The recapture of Plymouth, N. C. , Oct. 19, 
1864. The Confederates under General Hoke 
captured Plymouth, Feb. 17, 1864, and held the 
fort during this intervening period. 

Commodore McComb with a fleet of gunboats 
began the bombardment of the forts at Plymouth 
October 19, and continued throwing shot and 
shell till a hot shot struck the magazine and a 
dreadful explosion took place October 30, 1864; 
the Confederates evacuated the place, having 
lost quite a number of men in various ways ; the 
Union lost nothing. 

The battle at Cedar Creek, Va , fought Octo- 
ber 19, 1864. The Union forces were under the 
command of Gen. Sheridan, who was absent from 
his troops when the battle commenced. Here is 
the place where Gen. Sheridan's famous ride 
occurred. It was a ride of 22 miles from near 
Winchester to the Cedar Creek battle field in a 
very short period; the Confederate troops were 
under the command of Gen. Early and made a 
sudden attack upon the Union forces ; they lost 
heavily at first in prisoners and army equipage ; 
but it was not long until the tide of battle 



—i ex- 
changed and the Union forces regained all they 
had lost and put to flight the Confederates, cap- 
turing 1,264 prisoners, 48 cannons, 450 horses 
and mules, a large number of small arms and 
much army equipage ; the Confederate loss in killed 
and wounded must have been large, but the ex- 
act number is not known; the Union loss was 
large in killed and wounded, and is estimated at 
over 2,000. 

The march of Sherman's army from Atlanta 
to Savannah, Ga. , November 15, 1864. The 
expedition started from Atlanta after having 
burned the business part of the city. Gen. 
Sherman's army numbered 60,000 infantry, 5,500 
cavalry and about 60 pieces of artillery; the 
army subsisted mainly upon the country through 
which they passed ; the expedition was a success 
in all respects and did much to break the back- 
bone of the rebellion. Sherman, with the ad- 
vance guard, reached Savannah Nov. 20, 1864. 

The battle near Morristown, Tenn., fought 
November 13, 1864. The Union force under Gen. 
Gillem, numbering 1500 men, was attacked by the 
Confederates under Gen.Breckenridge, numbering 



about 3,000 strong; the Union forces retreated 
with considerable loss in men and army stores. 

The battle at Hollow Tree Gap, near Franklin, 
Tenn., occurred November 17, 1864. The 
Union force made the attack and captured 413 
prisoners without any loss. 

The battle at Franklin, Tenn., fought Novem- 
ber 20, 1864. A body of Union cavalry, be- 
longing to Gen. Thomas' division, followed the 
Confederate Gen. Hood's army and Franklin 
gave battle and captured the town, containing a 
large number of wounded soldiers. 

The battle at Griswoldville, Ga. , fought Nov. 
22, 1864. This was a battle fought between a 
Union force under Gen. Kilpatrick and division 
Confederate Gen. Hardee's army ; the Confederate 
loss was about 2,000 killed, wounded and taken 
prisoners ; the Union loss was 42 killed and 
wounded. 

Milledgeville, Ga. , captured November 23, 
1864. Sherman's army suddenly occupied the 
capital of Georgia ; the legislature was in session 
and were panic stricken at the approach of the 
Union army; they hastily adjourned and tried 



—199- 

to escape ; the public buildings, such as maga- 
zines, arsenals and depot buildings, were burned ; 
the railroads were generally disabled. 

The capture of Fort McAllister, Ga. The 
fort was captured by a single assault ; this gave 
Gen. Sherman access to the squadron at the 
mouth of the Ogeechee river, where Union 
General Foster and Commodore Dahlgren were 
in command. 

The most notable exploit of the army was the 
capture of Fort McAllister, which opened Gen. 
Sherman's way to the sea. There was no more 
brilliant act done by the infantry in the assault on 
a permanent work from the first of the war to its 
close. Fort McAllister was a very heavy sand 
fort, on the Ogeechee River, below Savannah. 
It had a long face looking landward, protected by 
bastions at each extremity. In front of this face was 
a wide and deep ditch. Through the center of 
this was a row of pointed stakes, driven close 
together and at least seven feet high. 

At the foot of the slope, outside the ditch, was 
a thick, heavy and well anchored abattis, at least 
eight feet high. Beyond this were two lines of 



— 200— 

ten-inch shells, loaded as torpedoes, and sunk 
under the surface of the sand. The ground be- 
yond was open for some six or seven hundred 
yards, and then a thick pine woods began. Gen. 
Hazen's division first reached the front of this 
fort. After a rapid reconnoissance Gen. Hazen 
formed his division in the edge of the timber, 
facing the fort. At a bugle signal the line started 
on a run. It passed the open ground under the 
fire of the batteries of the fort and its riflemen, 
went over the torpedoes with small loss, and 
without breaking the line, and stranger still, threw 
itself on the formidable abattis and managed to 
go over it, flags and all. It then plunged into 
the ditch and began to climb over the fence of 
stakes in the middle. Few of these were wrench- 
ed away, the soldiers, in their tremendous rush, 
going over these as they had cleared the abattis. 
When the ditch was crowded with the Union line, 
two great iron carronades, charged with grape 
and placed to rake the ditch, were fired at the 
crowded mass. But the charges went mainly 
over the heads of those for whom they were in- 
tended, and before the guns could be loaded a 



— 201— 

second time Hazen's men were in possession of 
the fort. The whole assault occupied less time 
than it takes to write about it. 

The entrance into Savannah, Ga., November 
20, 1864. Gen. Hardee, who occupied Savannah 
with a division of the Confederate army, evacu- 
ated the place and Gen. Sherman entered with 
his army. He had with him 15,000 slaves, over 
1,000 prisoners, 150 cannons, 13 locomotives and 
a large number of railroad cars and a large 
quantity of army equipage. He captured 32,000 
bales of cotton. This was a gigantic attachment 
in behalf of the Union. 

The battle at Spring Hill, Tenn., fought Nov. 
29, 1864. The Union troops under Gen. Scofield ; 
the Confederate forces under Gen. Hood attacked 
the Union troops and then fled to Franklin, hav- 
lost about 300 killed and wounded ; the Confed- 
erate loss was small. 

The battle at Franklin, Tenn., fought Novem- 
ber 30, 1864. The Union troops were commanded 
by Generals Scofheld, Cox and Stanley ; they had 
two divisions of the army ; the Confederates were 
under the command of Generals Hood, Lee and 



— 202— 

Cheatham, numbering a large force; the contest 
was severe and prolonged ; the Confederates were 
finally repulsed with a loss of 1,750 killed, 3,800 
wounded, 702 prisoners; the Union loss was 189 
killed, 1,033 wounded and 1,104 missing; the 
Union troops had the advantages of trenches and 
breast works to protect them. 

A skirmish at Overall Creek, Tenn., occurred 
December 4, 1864, between a body of Union 
troops and a division of Confederates ; the Con- 
federates were dispersed, neither side suffering to 
any extent. 

The battle near Murfreesborough, Tenn., Dec. 
5 to 7, 1864. The Union forces were under 
Generals Rosseau and Milroy, numbering about 
15,000; the Confederates were under Generals 
Cheatham and Forest, numbering about 10,000; 
the skirmishing and fighting lasted two days and 
resulted in the repulse of the Confederates with 
a loss of 30 killed, 175 wounded, 207 taken 
prisoners ; the Union loss was small. 

Union raids in Virginia December 6, 1864. 
Union raiders were sent into Virginia to cut and 
disable railroads so as to prevent the rapid transfer 



— 203— 

of troops. This expedition was successful in 
destroying several railroad bridges and tore up 
fifteen miles of railroad track and took several 
prisoners. 

The battle at Nashville, Tenn., was fought 
Dec. 15, 1864. Gen. Thomas commanded the 
Union forces, and Gen. Hood commanded the 
Confederate troops. The battle was a hot contest 
lasting through two days. ' Both sides fought des- 
perately; the Confederates were finally defeated; 
the Confederate loss in killed and wounded, that 
fell into the hands of the Union troops, was 
about 2,000, and 4,462 prisoners, with 53 can- 
non and a large quantity of army plunnder ; the 
loss of the Union side was only about 800 killed 
and wounded. 

Another raid in Virginia, under Gens. Stone- 
man and Burbridge, was made to sever railroad 
connection between Richmond and Tennessee; 
the raid was successful in some respects; the rail- 
road track east of Abington was destroyed and 
several bridges burned, and some army supplies 
destroyed. 

An attack on Fort Fisher, N. C, was made 



— 204— 

Dec. 24, 1864, with a view of breaking up the 
blockade running on the part of the Confederates. 
The land forces were under Generals Butler and 
Wetzel, and the gunboats under Commodore 
Porter. After a prolonged bombardment the 
Union forces thought it best to withdraw, having 
accomplished but little. 

The battle at Beverly, Va., was fought Jan. 11, 
1865. This battle was fought between a division 
of Union troops and a body of Confederates under 
Gen. Rosser ; the Confederates captured the 
town, the Union troops having retreated without 
loss. 

The bombardment and capture of Fort Fisher, 
N. C, was resumed Jan. 13, 1865. This was a 
strong Fort, in which there were 72 guns mount- 
ed, some of which were of large calibre. Com- 
modore Porter resumed the bombardment, Jan. 
13th. Gen. Terry, with a Union force of 8,000, 
assisted, by making a land attack while Porter 
with his fleet made the attack by water. The 
garrison numbered about 3,000 Confederate 
troops. The fight was a severe one and resulted 
in the surrender of the Fort Jan. 15. 



— 20S— 

The bombardment of Fort Anderson, N. C, 
situated at the mouth of the Cape Fear River. 
This Fort was defended by Gen Hoke with a 
Confederate force of 6,000 men. The Union 
land force was under Gen. Cox, numbering about 
8,000 men; fourteen gunboats and a mortar, un- 
der Commodore Porter, opened on the Fort and 
continued all day throwing shot and shell; the 
Confederates evacuated during the night of Dec. 
19, 1864; the Confederate loss was 50 men and 
12 cannon; the Union loss was three killed and 
wounded. 

A skirmish at Town Creek, N. C. , occurred 
Jan. 20, 1865, between the Union troops under 
Gen. Terry and a body of Confederate troops ; 
the Confederates were repulsed with the loss of 
two cannon and 373 prisoners; the Union loss 
was 40 killed and 47 wounded. This skirmish 
was a very hotly contested one, but resulted in 
defeat of the Confederates. 

The evacuation of Wilmington, N. C. , Jan. 22, 
1865. The Union troops, under Generals Terry 
and Cox, took possession of Wilmington, captur- 
ing 700 prisoners and much army property; this 



— 206— 

was an important capture by the Union forces. 

The march of Sherman to Wilmington, N. C. 
Gen. Sherman, with a division of his army, left 
Savannah Jan. 13, 1865. After several skir- 
mishes he, with his army, arrived at Wilmington 
having sustained a loss of about 1,000 men taken 
prisoners. The Union forces accomplished their 
purpose in destroying Confederate railroads and 
bridges and capturing army stores in large 
quantities. 

The battle at Fort Steadman, Va., was fought 
Feb. 6 and 7, 1865, The Union army under 
Gen. Grant, and the Confederates under Gen. 
Lee. The conflict was mainly an artillery fight. 
The Confederates captured one of the Union forts 
but it was recaptured after a severe contest, and 
then the Confederates retreated, leaving their 
dead on the field of battle ; the Confederate loss 
during the two days fighting was estimated at not 
less than 5,000 killed and wounded, and 1,884 
prisoners; the Union loss was 171 killed, 1,236 
wounded and 983 missing. 

Charleston, S. C, was occupied by the Union 
army Feb. 1865. The Confederates evacuated 



the city and Gen. Gilmore, with his Union force, 
took possession. The Confederates destroyed a 
large amount of valuable property before retiring. 
Gen. Gilmore commanded the immediate running 
up of the Union flag on Fort Sumpter. 

Sheridan marched through the Shenandoah Val- 
ley, Va. , with a large force of Union troops, 
Feb. 24, 1865. 

At Waynesburg, Va. , the Confederates under 
Gen. Early made an attack on the Union forces 
and were defeated, losing 1,165 m en, 5 cannon, a 
large number of wagons and horses. The next 
day the Confederates, under Gen. Rosser, at- 
tempted to rescue the prisoners captured the day 
before, but they were repulsed with a loss of 27 
more prisoners. 

Gen. Sheridan, with his force, arrived at City 
Point, Va. , March 26, 1865; his loss was only 
about fifty men killed, wounded and taken 
prisoners. 

The battle at Averysville, N. C, was fought 
March 16, 1865. Several divisions of Sherman's 
Union army, under Gen. Slocum, encountered a 
Confederate force of 20,000 under Gen. Hardee, 



— 208— 

and after a severe contest the Confederates re- 
treated; their loss was 108 killed and many- 
wounded. The Union loss was 77 killed and 
477 wounded and missing. 

The battle at Bentonville, N. C, was fought 
March 21, 1865. A part of General Sherman's 
Union army came in contact with the Confederate 
army under Johnston. After a hard fought battle 
the Confederates were defeated with a loss of 267 
killed and 1,625 prisoners; the Union loss was 
killed, wounded and missing 1,600. 

A battle was fought on the Quaker Road, Va. , 
March 29, 1865, between a division of Gen. 
Mead's Union forces and a detachment of Gen. 
Lee's Confederate army. The conflict was short 
but severe ; the Confederates withdrew from the 
battlefield with considerable loss. The Union 
loss was 459 killed, wounded and missing. 

There was a skirmish on the Boydton Road, 
which took place March 30, 1865, between a body 
of Union soldiers under Gen. Merritt and a body 
of Confederate cavalry. The Confederate loss is 
not known ; the Union loss was about 200 killed, 
wounded and missing. 



— 209— 

A skirmish took place on the road to Five 
Forks, Va., March 31, 1865. The advance of 
Gen. Mead's Union forces were attacked and re- 
pulsed with a heavy loss. 

The battle at Five Forks, Va. , fought April 1, 
1865. The contest was between corps of Gen. 
Mead's Union forces and a body of Gen. Lee's 
Confederate army. This battle was fought with 
desperation on both sides, and finally resulted in 
the utter defeat of the Confederates. They lost 
about 3,000 killed and wounded, and about 5,000 
prisoners. The Union loss was about 1,000 killed 
and wounded. The Union General, Winthrop, 
was killed in this battle. This was the last exten- 
sive battle of the war. The first and last real battles 
of the war were fought on Virginia soil ; the first 
was fought at Phillippi, W. Va., June 3, 1861, 
and the last at Five Forks, Va. , April 1, 1865. 

The evacuation of Petersburg, Va. , occurred 
April 2, 1865. The Union army, under the com- 
mand of Generals Grant and Mead, invested 
Petersburg. Gen. Lee. finding that communica- 
tion with Richmond was cut off, immediately, 
with his army, retreated fmm Petersburg. Hear- 



— 210- 

ing of the evacuation of Petersburg, Jefferson 
Davis, President of the Southern Confederacy, 
left Richmond for some hiding place in the ex- 
treme South. The Confederate soldiers left the 
capital with their chief. The evacuation of Rich- 
mond occurred April 2, 1865. The next day, 
Gen. Wetzel, with his command, entered the city 
and captured about 500 cannon, a large number 
of small arms and about 6,000 prisoners. As the 
rear guard of the Confederate army departed out 
of Richmond, they set the city on fire. The 
Confederates evidently did not contemplate so 
early an evacuation of Richmond. This accounts 
for their not destroying the munitions of war 
they had in store, also railroad property that they 
left undisturbed. After the evacuation of Rich- 
mond, Gen. Grant's army pressed Gen. Lee's 
army closely. Gen. Lee, seeing that further re- 
sistance was more than useless, determined to 
surrender his army to Gen. Grant. 

Gen. Lee's surrender took place near Ap- 
pomatox Court House, April 9, 1865. His 
surrender was unconditional. The following is 
the correspondence verbatim between the two 
distinguished Generals : 



—211— 

Farmville, April 7, 1865. 
"General — The results of last week must 
convince you of the hopelessness of further re- 
sistance on the part of the army of Northern 
Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so, and 
regard it as my duty to shift from myself the re- 
sponsibility of any further effusion of blood, by 
asking of you the surrender of that portion of 
the Confederate States army known as the Army 
of Northern Virginia. 

U. S. Grant, 
Lieutenant General." 

General Lee, in his brief reply to Gen. Grant, 
said 'he was not convinced that the emergency 
had come.' Hence Grant ordered an onward 
movement of his forces. Accordingly, by the 
night of April 8, Gen. Sheridan, with his cavalry, 
had completely hemmed in Lee at Appomattox 
Court House. This lead Lee to send a flag of 
truce asking that hostilities cease pending nego- 
tiations for a surrender ; he also desired a per- 
sonal interview with Grant. Gen. Lee's request 
was granted, and the afternoon of April 8, 1865, 
the two rival military chieftains met by appoint 
ment in Mr. McLean's small farm house, Gen. 
Lee dressed in full uniform, with sword, and 



—212— 

Gen. Grant in his soiled and dusty uniform, and 
without sword. After a few preliminary words 
in regard to the surrender, Gen. Grant sat down 
to a table and wrote the following as the terms 
of the surrender he required : 

Appomattox Court House, Va., ) 
April 9, 1865. I 

General — In accordance with the substance 
of my letter to you of the 7th instant I propose 
to receive the surrender of the Army of North- 
ern Virginia on the following terms, to-wit : 
Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in 
duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to 
be designated by me, the other to be retained by 
such officer or officers as you may designate. 
The officers to give their individual paroles not 
to take up arms against the Government of the 
United States until properly exchanged; and 
each company or regimental commander to sign a 
like parole for the men of their commands. The 
arms, artillery and public property to be packed 
and stacked, and turned over to the officers ap- 
pointed by me to receive them. This will not 
embrace the side arms of the officers nor their 
private horses or baggage. This done, each 
officer and man will be allowed to return to his 
home, not to be disturbed by United States au- 



-213- 



thority so long as they observe their paroles and 
the laws in force where they reside. 

U. S. Grant, 
Lieutenant General. 

General Lee wrote his surrender, using the 
following words : 

Headquarters of the Army of Northern 
Virginia. 

April 9, 1865. 
General — I received your letter of this date 
containing the terms of the surrender of the 
Army of Northern Virginia as proposed by you. 
As they are substantially the same as those ex- 
pressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they 
are accepted. I will proceed to designate the 
proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect. 

R. E. Lee, 

General. 
Lieutenant General U. S. Grant. 

The Confederate officers and privates were 
paroled as prisoners of war ; they numbered a little 
over 27,000 men. It is a fact worthy of note that 
the Confederate army sustained a loss of killed 
and wounded of over 10,000 from March 25, 
1865 to April 3, 1865. Thus it will be seen that 
General Lee's army dwindled very rapidly. About 



—214— 

this time a number of Confederate strongholds 
were captured. Gen. Canby captured Mobile 
April 10, 1865. The same day, Salsbury, N. C. , 
Columbus, Ga. , and Raleigh, capital of North 
Carolina, were captured. 

The last to surrender was Gen. Johnston. He 
surrendered to Gen. Sherman at Durham's Station, 
near Greensboro, N. C. This took place April 
26, 1865. He, with his army, was paroled. 
Hostilities now ceased. While there was great 
joy in the hearts of the Union people throughout 
the nation, there was great grief and consternation 
manifested in many parts of the South, for they 
verily believed that all who bore arms against the 
United States would be hung up without trial. 



THE EIGHTY-FOURTH OHIO VOL. INFANTRY. 



CHAPTER III. 

In answer to a call for 50,000 soldiers for an 
emergency, the 84th O. V. I. was speedily re- 
cruited and properly organized and then drilled 
for active service in the field. This regiment was 
mainly recruited in and about Cincinnati, Cleve- 
land, Toledo and Dayton, Ohio, and mustered 
into service at Camp Chase June 7, 1862. June 
nth this regiment was ordered to report for duty 
to Gen. Kelley at Cumberland, Md. The follow- 
ing is a list of the names of the officers of the 
eighty-fourth : 

Col. Wm. Lawrence, 

Lieut. Col. John J. Wiseman, 

Major John C. Groom, 

Surgeon B. B. Leonard, 

Ass't. Surg. James W. Thompson, 

Chaplain A. R. Howbert, 

Captain Richard Waite, 

Captain Rosewell Shertliff, 

Captain Halbert Case, 



—216— 

Captain John N. Frazee, 
Captain James Pickands, 
Captain Christopher H. Orth, 
Captain W. H. Powell, 
Captain Abraham Cummons, 
Captain John H. Winder, 
Captain Uriah Gregory, 
i st Lieut. Eli Ealy, 
i st Lieut. John B. Lounsbury, 
ist Lieut. John Lourbeck, 
ist Lieut. James Crandon, 
ist Lieut. Virgil C. Taylor, 
ist Lieut. John M. Leish, 
ist Lieut. Horatio H. Manning, 
ist Lieut. Homer Ayers. 
ist Lieut. Alex. G. Maynes. 
ist Lieut. Charles Rhodes, 
ist Lieut. Edmond Pine, 
ist Lieut. Alex. G. Stilwell. 
ist Lieut. John B. Irwin, 
ist Lieut. Frank Braisted. 
2d Lieut. Hamilton C. Colton. 
2d Lieut. Hiram M. Fifield. 
2d Lieut. Charles S. Abell, 



2d Lieut. Frank H. Hinman. 

2d Lieut. Henry F. Nash. 

2d Lieut James Wallace. 

2d Lieut. Alex. G. Stilwell. 

2d Lieut. James Smith. 

2d Lieut. Barrell W. Kerfoot. 

2d Lieut. Wm. H. H. Miller. 

2d Lieut. Carlton S. Morehouse. 
The 84th O. V. I. remained on duty at Cum- 
berland, Md., during a period of nearly four 
months, and rendered valuable service to the 
Government by keeping open railroad communi- 
cation and preventing invasions from Virginia 
into Maryland by the enemy. Although this 
regiment was not permitted to take part in a sin- 
gle battle or skirmish, yet, the well drilled sol- 
diers of this regiment, doubtless would have done 
good service on the field of battle had there been 
an opportunity offered. Their courage was tested 
on several occasions. On one fearfully dark 
night, when called by the long roll to fall into 
ranks, the soldiers instantly obeyed the call and 
started out of their tents pell mell, falling over 
stumps and logs, skinning their shins and bruising 



—218— 

themselves generally. Quiet was restored in the 
camp by the announcement that it was a false 
alarm. On another occasion an alarm was given 
in daylight. There was the appearance of what 
was supposed to be a reconnoitering party of 
Confederates on the brow of an adjoining hill ; 
the long roll sounded and the alarm in the camp 
became general ; but as field glasses were called 
into requisition the alarm speedily subsided when 
the discovery was made that it was only a band 
of Roman Catholic Monks taking a little exercise. 

We may be allowed to say that the 84th O. V. 
I. was faithful to the charge committed to them. 
They had a good time with each other generally. 
It is true, that toward the last of our stay at 
Cumberland, our pleasures were marred by a 
good deal of sickness and several deaths of our 
comrades in the regiment. 

This regiment was made up of excellent mate- 
rial ; both officers and privates were men of high 
standing in the community as a rule. Several 
members of this regiment have been called upon 
to occupy high places in the nation and state 
since the close of the war. 



—219— 

It is due to the 84th O. V. I. to state that just 
at the close of the term of their service, Sept. 13, 
1862, the regiment was ordered to New Creek, 
Va., where an attack was anticipated by a divis- 
ion of Confederates under Generals Jackson and 
Imboden. The regiment promptly obeyed the 
order, and were soon found occupying the fort in 
the rear of the village The enemy evidently 
thought it best not to attack the fort for they im- 
mediately retired without firing a gun. The reg- 
iment now having more than filled the term of 
service for which it was enlisted was ordered 
back to Ohio, and at Camp Delaware it was re- 
viewed by Governor Tod. He highly compli- 
mented the regiment for its efficiency and the 
value of its services to the Government. 

The regiment was mustered out after having 
served nearly four months. Many strong attach- 
ments among the officers and privates of the regi- 
ment had been formed and there seemed to be a 
general regret that the day of parting had come. 



MY JOURNEY DOWN THE MISSISSIPPI. 



CHAPTER IV. 

February 2, 1863, I was ordered, by Governor 
Tod, to go down the Mississippi River and look 
after the Ohio soldiers and attend to other duties 
that were strictly of a confidential nature. I im- 
mediately started on the somewhat dangerous 
tour. I stopped at Cairo, at the junction of the 
O. & M. Railroad, and found some sick and 
wounded Ohio soldiers ; they were well cared for. 
The next place I stopped at was a camp of Union 
soldiers, (mostly colored), at the mouth of the 
White River, Arkansas. I found no Ohio sol- 
diers here. There was considerable sickness in 
the camp, especially among the colored people. 
I reported to the Governor that the hospital and 
medical arrangements were very defective here 
and that something needed to be done immedi- 
ately. The camp was speedily moved. Here I 
met an extraordinary colored preacher. He was 
a middle aged man, very dark and strongly built. 



—221— 

I had some books which had been intrusted to me 
by the Freedman's Aid Society and I desired to 
secure some suitable person to take charge of 
the books I wished to leave for the benefit of the 
colored people. I inquired for a suitable person 
and I was directed to this preacher ; I found him 
without difficulty ; I inquired of him if he could 
read and he replied, "Yes, by de help of de 
Lord." I assured him that I was glad to meet 
him ; giving him the package of books I said to 
him, "you will find some primers and spelling 
books, and you can teach your people, old and 
young, their letters and how to spell and read." 
He utterly astonished me by saying, "Laws, 
massa, I doesn't know one letter from de udder." 
I said to him, "how is this; you told me a mo- 
ment ago that you could read and write ; now 
you say that you don't know your letters." He 
replied, "That is so massa; I doesn't know de 
letters but I knows de words." I tested his 
ability to read by selecting a chapter in the Tes- 
tament ; he read it very well. He then gave me a 
history of his learning to read by sight. He said 
he had a pious mistress who had him commit to 



memory hymns and chapters in the Bible. He 
said he could commit very readily. As his mis- 
tress would read the hymn or chapter he would 
notice the page — see something by which he 
could find the place after she would retire ; he 
would find the place, as he called it, and notice 
the shape and form of the words one after the 
other ; in this way he assured me he learned to 
know all the words in the Testament. This way 
of reading was new to me at that time ; but this 
method, or something much like it, is now in gen- 
eral use in our schools. 

From the camp at the mouth of the White 
River I took passage on a steamer to Memphis, 
Tenn. Here I found a number of Ohio soldiers 
— several in the hospitals — sick and wounded, 
but well taken care of. 

There is a very beautiful park at Memphis ; in 
that park is a monument erected to the memory 
of Gen. Jackson. I noticed that it was defaced. 
The inscription was cut out by some Confederate 
soldiers, as I was told. The objectionable in- 
scription was a Union sentiment. 

This was more than they could endure so they 



. -223- 

cut the inscription out. From what we know of 
Gen. Jackson, had he been living during the 
rebellion, he would doubtless have identified 
himself with the Union side. 

The next stopping place was Helena, Ark. 
We found no Ohio soldiers here. The place was 
held by a small garrison of Union troops. 

We next stopped at Vicksburg, Miss. Here 
we found a large number of Ohio soldiers, sick 
and wounded, who had been sent from other 
points to the hospitals at this place. The sick 
and wounded had good attention here but lacked 
suitable hospital stores. This city has many marks 
that will perpetuate a remembrance of the war. 
The caves that were made during Gen. Grant's 
bombardment of the city will long remind the 
passerby of the war. These excavations, many 
of them, were large enough to contain whole 
families with all needed furniture. Some had 
bed rooms and cooking apartments. The ground 
is of such a nature that there is no danger of it 
caving in. These apartments under ground saved 
many lives. One great drawback to this mode 
of living was the want of light. The people had 



no coal oil and but a scanty supply of lard and 
tallow, so many were compelled to live in total 
darkness for days during the bombardment. 
Many families in the city were evidently in a des- 
titute condition when Gen. Pemberton surren- 
dered, and were glad to get army rations from 
the despised Yankees. I found no place within 
the bounds of the Confederacy where the feelings 
of the people seemed so bitter against the North 
as here. I have not been able to learn why this 
bitterness was cherished to such a degree here. 

From Vicksburg I went by boat to a point 
down the Mississippi river called, during the war, 
"Jeff Davis Bend" — a kind of peninsula formed 
by a bend in the river. The peninsula contained 
several large cotton plantations, among which 
were Jeff Davis', Joe Davis' and the Banks plan- 
tations. Joe Davis, a brother of Jefferson Davis, 
had a magnificent brick house and a well culti- 
vated plantation. Jefferson Davis had a large 
one-story frame house with a veranda on three 
sides ; his house was well furnished, as I can tes- 
tify, for I enloyed the hospitalities of his house 
for several days ; I ate at his table and slept in 



one of his best beds. It is true he and his highly 
cultured family were not at home at this time, 
and I am not sure that I would have been a wel- 
come guest in those war times. A large number 
of colored people were encamped here at this 
time. They had flourishing schools and churches 
conducted mostly by white people. During the 
Sabbath that I spent here I heard a most appro- 
priate and excellent sermon, based on the text, 
"Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord." 
It was delivered by a minister of the United 
Presbyterian Church, whose name I can not now 
recall. On this same Sabbath the writer con- 
ducted a service for these colored people, and 
seeing that they did not join in the singing in the 
morning I proposed to one of their leaders that 
they should select the hymns they wished to sing ; 
this was just what they desired. He remarked, 
"Dat preacher dfe mawnin' give out de poorest 
hymns we eber heard an' we couldn't sing 'em." 
He had given out some of David's Psalms, but 
they were not appreciated. We had grand sing- 
ing at this service, making allowance for the 
peculiar twang of the plantation negro. I was 



-226- 

compelled to remain here longer than I had cal- 
culated, waiting for a boat to convey me back to 
Vicksburg. Learning, after waiting several days, 
that Gen. Banks had impressed all the steamboats 
that he could find to convey his army up the Red 
River, and there was no prospect of a boat pass- 
ing this point for some days, and being under 
orders to report at Vicksburg the next day, I de- 
termined to devise some way of going to Vicks- 
burg over land. To do this I must go out of the 
lines held by the Union army and run the risk of 
being captured by the Confederates. I secured 
one of Jefferson Davis' most trusted servants to 
take me through, a distance of forty-four miles, 
on horseback to Vicksburg. 

After some delay in getting the consent of the 
commander of the post here to go out of the 
Union lines, I ordered my horse to be brought 
out. It proved to be much such a horse as old 
J erico that Mark Twain rode in the Holy Land. 
On starting I noticed that my colored guide had, 
instead of a saddle, a pillow, evidently from his 
bed, fastened on his mule with a surcingle. I 
noticed blood on the pillow ; I inquired what 



produced it. He replied, "Oh, nuffin', only my 
ole woman has de small pox." I insisted that he 
must remove the pillow instantly ; I said to him 
"You expose me to the small pox." He insisted 
that I would not get it until my time came. I then 
said, "You will be sure to get the small pox." 
He replied, "Laws, massa, I done had de small 
pox when de stars fell." I asked him what he 
meant by the stars falling. He seemed to be 
greatly surprised that I asked for an explanation. 
He inquired, "Didn't you see dat?" I said to 
him, "I saw the meteors fall; I believe it was in 
1835." He insisted that about all the stars fell to 
the ground that night, and he said, "Such a heap 
ob prayin' you neber heard in your life." I 
learned that many of the colored people marked 
events by what they call the falling of the stars. 
I inquired of him about his master, Jefferson 
Davis, and he assured me that he was a kind 
master, and Mrs. Davis, he also said, was a kind 
mistress. I asked him about Davis' parentage 
and he said he did not know whether he had a 
father or not, but his mother he knew well; he 
said, "Laws, massa, she was de oldes' woman 



-228- 

you eber saw." I asked him how old she was 
and he insisted that she was not less than one 
hundred and seventy-five years old when she 
died. I came to the conclusion that many color- 
ed people make great mistakes about their ages. 
According to their say so, I must have met at 
least a dozen of George Washington's body ser- 
vants at different times, and one who claimed to 
have been present when he hacked the cherry 
tree with his little hatchet. 

My guide proved to be a very interesting man 
and thoroughly reliable. He selected the road, 
and knew just where the Union men lived. Be- 
fore starting I arranged all my papers that might 
in any way involve me in difficulty if I should 
run against Confederate soldiers. I rolled them 
together and had matches with which I could 
burn them quickly. I had a field glass and 
could see persons distinctly at a distance of from 
two to three miles. There were but very few 
men to be seen between the Bend and Vicksburg. 

I stopped at the house of Hon. Mr. Hender- 
son, who was a cautious Union man ; from him I 
obtained a little information about where the 



—22Q~ 

Confederate pickets were located. My guide in- 
formed me that we would pass near the residence 
of Hon. Mr. Lamar. I resolved to make an ex- 
cuse to stop after ascertaining from a colored 
servant that there were no men about. His 
beautiful residence is located in a park of about 
ten acres ; this park is filled with tropical plants 
and shrubs. I soon inferred that Mrs. Lamar 
took me to be a Confederate cotton buyer, and 
when, from a remark I made, she learned that I 
once lived in Virginia she talked freely, and then 
I inquired of her where I would find the Confed- 
erate picket line. She told me that the line of 
pickets was on the other side of Black River, 
and by going to the river and calling they would 
send a boat over for me. I thanked her, but 
avoided the Black River. 

My fears of falling into the hands of the Con- 
federates were all gone and I hastened to reach 
the Union picket line near Vicksburg. It was 
getting dark when, with my guide, I reached the 
picket line. Here I was detained until those in 
charge were satisfied that I was all right. The 
hotels were full, but after finding Gen. McPher- 



-230- 

son I fared well as he gave me a place in his 
room. Next day Gen. Sherman arrived at Vicks- 
burg, having been on a raid out into the interior of 
Mississippi as far as Salma. He had an immense 
number of contrabands that had followed him in. 
The writer, with Gen. McPherson, stood on 
the hill above Vicksburg as Gen. Sherman rode 
up ; he stopped and looked back over the long 
fantastic train of colored people of all sizes and 
conditions, some on foot, many of the juveniles 
on mules, some astride of oxen and cows ; many 
evidently had gotten into the wrong wardrobes 
before starting; here was one with a plug hat, 
broadcloth coat and cotton pants on and bare 
footed ; here comes a greasy black woman having 
on a silk dress and bare footed. They were 
loaded down with all kinds of plunder from an 
old hen and chickens to a poodle dog. General 
McPherson asked Gen. Sherman how many con- 
trabands he had, and he replied, "As near as I can 
tell I have about eleven miles of them." In my 
judgment the estimate was not exaggerated, for I 
waited several hours at the tollgate before all had 
passed. Suffice it to say it was an amusing sight. 



FROM HARPER'S FERRY TO WINCHESTER. 



CHAPTER V. 

I received the following order from Governor 
Tod, which I endeavored promptly to carry out : 

Sir: — You will, at your earliest convenience, 
proceed to Harper's Ferry, Va. , and report my 
earnest request to the officer in command there 
that he afford you such facilities as are necessary 
to enable you to bring within the Union lines our 
distressed, starving, wounded and sick soldiers in 
the hospital at Winchester, Va. 

David Tod. 

I immediately proceeded to Harper's Ferry and 
endeavored to comply with the instructions of the 
Governor. I found that the proper official to ar- 
range a flag of truce was absent, having been 
summoned to Washington, D. C, I believe, to 
participate in the court-martial of General Milroy. 
I felt that relief should, if possible, be afforded 
immediately to our suffering and starving wound- 
ed and sick soldiers in the hands of the Confed- 
erates at Winchester. So I arranged a flag of 
truce of my own. Gen. McReynolds gave me 



—232— 

a detail of cavalry, and from the Quartermaster 
secured a few ambulances, and from the Sani- 
tary Commission I secured a few pieces of white 
muslin, that answered as my flags of truce. Thus 
equipped I started for Winchester before sun-rise. 
The distance was thirty-two miles. We proceed- 
ed cautiously. It was reported to me that we 
would meet the Confederate picket line about 
four miles from Winchester. 

Arriving at the place we expected to meet the 
Confederate pickets we inquired of some of the 
citizens, and were told that the pickets became 
alarmed at a report that Gen. McReynolds was 
making a raid upon Winchester with a cavalry 
force, and the pickets had gone from their line to 
the town. This made things look a little dubious, 
for our flags of truce would not bear close in- 
spection — it was all in our white flags. We pro- 
ceeded cautiously Arriving in Winchester we 
found no military officer with whom to arrange ; 
all had fled for fear of being captured by the sup- 
posed approach of Gen. McReynolds' cavalry. 
There was no time to be lost, so I conferred with 
several influential citizens, who advised me by all 



—233— 

means to take the Union wounded and sick, as 
they had no provisions or sanitary stores for the 
sick and wounded. I proceeded to the hospital 
as soon as possible. And such a wretched sight ! 
Human language* is inadequate to describe the 
dreadful conditions of some of the wounded and 
sick soldiers found in these hospitals. They 
were wretchedly filthy. Two or three were evi- 
dently in the agonies of death — maggots were 
crawling out of their noses, eyes and ears. I 
wish I could blot from my memory the impression 
this scene made on my mind. When I announced 
to the poor fellows the object of my mission they 
cried for joy. They told me that for several days 
they got nothing to eat but a kind of gruel or soup 
made of damaged flour. The citizens assured us 
that they had nothing better for themselves to sub- 
sist upon. 

I soon filled the ambulances and started for 
Harper's Ferry. Of course, under the circum- 
stances I felt uneasy, as my flag of truce had no 
real authority, and I doubted whether, under the 
circumstances, it would be respected by the Con- 
federate authorities. As soon as I got within the 



-234— 

Union lines I sent a messenger to have the Sani- 
tary Commission meet the party on the way with 
provisions and medicines. This was done 
promptly. We arrived at Harper's Ferry next 
morning early, having traveled' sixty-four miles 
in about twenty-four hours. What became of the 
few wounded soldiers that were in an uncon- 
scious state — seemingly dying — that we were 
compelled to leave, I have never learned. 



CAPT. JAMES J. ANDREWS' RAILROAD EXPLOIT 

IN THE HEART OF THE SOUTHERN 

CONFEDERACY. 



CHAPTER VI. 

One of the most thrilling incidents of the war 
was the raid o r Capt. Andrews and his party 
into Georgia to disable the railroad running from 
Atlanta to Chattanooga, to enable Gen. O. M. 
Mitchell, who was encamped at Shelbyville, 
Tenn., the more easily to capture Chattanooga, 
the gateway to Georgia. The party consisted of 
twenty-two brave and intelligent young men. 
They were all Ohio men except Capt. Andrews, 
who was born and raised in Virginia, but had 
settled at Flemingsburg, Ky., a few years before 
the war, engaged in teaching school. Immedi- 
ately after the breaking out of the war he 
identified himself with the Union cause. This 
band was made up of picked men out of Gen. 
Mitchell's command. They were dressed in 
citizen's clothing and started from Shelbyville, 
Tenn., the first of April, 1862. They were 



—236— 

minutely instructed in regard to the part each 
one was to take in the raid. The following is a 
synopsis of the raid by Rev. Pottinger, one of 
the party who escaped after a long and dreadful 
imprisonment. Anyone wishing the whole story 
will find it in a volume published in Cincinnati. 

Andrews' first interview with the men picked 
out for his second expedition was held at night 
on a road near Shelbyville. He spoke to them 
in a grave tone that would have checked any 
boyish enthusiasm. He said that the party would 
wear citizens' clothing, and that this would expose 
them, if detected, to summary death, or to hang- 
ing by court-martial. Not one of the twenty- 
two men present wavered, though he assured 
them that they were free to go back to their tents 
and drop the matter entirely. He then told them 
that they must break up in squads of two, three 
or (our ; travel on foot to the Tennessee river, 
take the train for Chattanooga, reaching there on 
Thursday, and leave on the evening train for 
Marietta, Ga. The train was to be captured the 
next morning. "The road," he said, "is long 
and difficult, and you will have only three days 



—237— 

and nights in which to reach Marietta. I will 
give you plenty of money, and you may hire con- 
veyances whenever safe and convenient. I will 
ride along the same road that you are to travel, 
sometimes before and sometimes behind, and will 
give you any help in my power. If you should 
be arrested I may have influence enough to secure 
your release ; but depend on yourselves and be 
watchful and prudent. Do not recognize me un- 
less sure that we are alone." 

The men were instructed to say, when closely 
interrogated by Southerners, that they were from 
Fleming county, Ky., and on their way to join 
the Confederate army. If necessary, they were 
to enlist in Confederate regiments, and then es- 
cape at the first opportunity. "The difficulty," 
Andrews said, "will be to keep out of the South- 
ern army, not to get into it." 

The men set out in separate squads at once ; 
and early in the morning General Mitchell ad- 
vanced with great celerity upon Huntsville, which 
he captured, with much railroad rolling stock, in- 
side of three days, greatly to Confederate conster- 
nation in that region. The Andrews party 



—238- 

reached Chattanooga, but not all on the same 
day. This caused a delay of twenty-four hours in 
carrying out the plan. As the party passed south 
on the railroad from Chattanooga towards Atlanta 
they steamed across eleven large covered bridges 
within thirty miles, and must have pictured their 
return the next day to apply the torch to them. 
The supper station was Dalton. The author re- 
members it, for he got there the last regular meal 
he sat down to for eleven months. Near mid- 
night Marietta was reached, where the raiders left 
the train, as had been pre-arranged. 

Twenty-two determined men, Union soldiers, 
but in citizens' dress, were thus congregated for 
half a night in a little hotel twenty miles north of 
Atlanta. They were in the heart of the enemy's 
country, and two hundred miles from the Union 
lines. 

They were so crowded in the hotel that they 
slept three and four in a bed. Andrews, the 
leader, scarcely closed his eyes. Most of the 
others slept soundly, for their duty was but to 
obey orders. 

All had left word with the hotel clerk to be 



—239— 

called about daybreak, and this was done, except 
in the case of two, who were overlooked. An- 
drews went from room to room, quietly instruct- 
ing each as to his share in the coming brilliant 
but desperate feat. "There was suppressed fire 
in his low, almost whispered words, a calm confi- 
dence in his tones that was contagious." 

When all the men were ready they gathered in 
Andrews' room, waiting for the north-bound train 
from Atlanta. He said : "When the train stops 
at Big Shanty [the station nine miles above] for 
breakfast, keep your places till I tell you to go. 
Get seats near each other in the same car, and 
say nothing about the matter on the way up. If 
anything unexpected occurs look to me for the 
word. You and you [designating the men) will 
go with me on the engine ; all the rest will go on 
the left of the train forward of where it is un- 
coupled, and climb on the cars in the best places 
you can when the order -is given. If anybody in- 
terferes shoot him, but don't fire until it is neces- 
sary." 

One man advised that the enterprise be given 
up. The party, he argued, was one day later 



— 240— 

than had been planned. There were several 
Confederate regiments at Big Shanty, and it had 
been seen that the railroad was crowded with 
trains. Andrews replied that the troops at Big 
Shanty would have no time to interfere. No one 
would dream that a train could be captured in a 
large camp, so the capture would be more easy. 
The many trains on the railroad would make the 
captured train less likely to be suspected. Two 
or three others of the party advised against the 
attempt. Andrews rejoined in a firm, low tone : 
"Boys, I tried this once before and failed; now, 
I will succeed, or leave my bones in Dixie." 
The eighteen men grasped his hand as it was of- 
fered to them in succession, and left the hotel to 
await the coming train. They bought tickets to 
different points above, to avert suspicion. 

As the train came up it was noticed that in 
front of fhe passenger and baggage cars were 
three closed box cars. All north-bound passenger 
trains were thus made up at the time, in order to 
bring back army supplies. The nineteen men 
entered one of the passenger cars. "The passen- 
gers had that listless and weary air always seen 



—241— 

in the early morning on board of a train." 
The conductor was Wm. A. Fuller, a resolute 
and active young man of twenty six. He looked 
narrowly at the party, for it was unusual to pick 
up so many passengers at Marietta. Besides he 
had been notified to be vigilant in regard to run- 
away conscripts. He decided in his mind that 
these men were not deserters, and asked no 
questions. 

The train wound around a base of Kenesaw 
Mountain, which was to be the scene two years 
later of the operatins of vast opposing armies. 

"It was a thrilling moment," writes the histo- 
rian and participant, "when the conductor cried 
out 'Big Shanty ! Twenty minutes for breakfast !' 
and we could see the white tents of the rebel 
troops, and even the guards slowly pacing their 
beats. Big Shanty (now called Kenesaw) had 
been selected for the seizure because it was a 
breakfast station and because it had no telegraph 
office." When Andrews had been at Big Shanty 
on the previous expedition the troops there were 
few; now they numbered three or four thousand. 
Their camp was a short distance west of the 



-242— 

railroad, but the depot buildings were inside 
their camp guard. When the train stopped its 
crew and most of the passengers hurried into 
the long, one-story dining-room. 

Not a train man nor a guard remained behind. 
"Now was our opportunity ! Yet for a moment 
we were compelled to keep our seats and wait 
the appointed signal by our leader. The mo- 
ments seemed hours; for we knew that when the 
signal was given we must do our work in less 
than half a minute or be slaughtered on the spot." 
Anyone left behind would be shot or hung. 
Still, Andrews, with his marvelous nerve, man- 
aged affairs in his own way. 

As the passengers arose to go out to breakfast, 
Andrews rose more quietly than any of them, 
and gave the first signal without looking around. 
Engineer Knight, of his party, followed him off 
the side of the car next the camp and opposite 
the depot. 

"They went forward at an ordinary pace until 
abreast of the locomotive, which they saw at a 
glance to be vacant — engineer and fireman had 
gone to breakfast. That was very good ! An- 



-243— 

drews walked a few steps further, with Knight 
still at his side, until he could see ahead of the 
engine that the track was clear as far as a curve, 
a little way up the road. They then turned and 
walked back until just in advance of the first 
baggage-car and behind the three empty freight 
cars, when Andrews said, with a nod, 'Uncouple 
here and wait for me.' Knight drew out the pin 
and carefully laid it on the draw-bar, Andrews 
came back to the door of our car, and, opening 
the door, said in his ordinary tone, not a shade 
louder or more hurried than usual, 'Come on, 
boys; it is time to go now.' Our hearts gave a 
great bound at the word, but we arose quietly 
and followed him. Andrews glided forward very 
swiftly, and Knight, seeing him coming, hurried 
on before and jumped on the engine, where he 
at once cut the bell-rope, and seizing the throttle- 
bar, stood leaning forward with tense muscles, 
and eye fixed on the face of his leader. An- 
drews did not follow, but stood a step back from 
the locomotive, with one hand on the rail, look- 
ing at his men as they ran forward." 

The men remaining fairly leaped forward. 



Two of them took their post on the engine be- 
side Knight, fo r one of them was a reserve en- 
gineer, the other a fireman. The door of the 
rear box car was open. How Andrews managed 
this is not known, though it was noticed that be- 
fore the train reacked Big Shanty he had been 
absent a short time from his comrades. Some of 
the men vaulted into the box car, and gave their 
hands to those who followed. All this time a 
rebel sentinel stood within a dozen feet of the 
engine, and other rebel soldiers were idling near 
by. But the rush was made in two or three 
seconds, and the sentinel's mind did not work 
quite that fast. Andrews was the last to step on 
board. He took his place on the engine, and 
Knight pulled the throttle. The wheels slipped 
for a moment from the sudden application of 
power, but when they "bit" the engine and three 
box cars shot forward as if fired by a cannon, 
and the train was soon out of sight of Big Shanty. 
But soon the engine unexpectedly began to 
slow up, and finally came to a halt. It was not 
yet far from the rebel camp. The reason was 
soon discerned. The engine dampers had been 



-24S- 

closed at Big Shanty and the fires were nearly 
out. A little oil and wood soon mended matters. 
Andrews was in high spirits, and said to the men: 
"When we have passed one more train we'll have 
no hindrance, and then we'll put the engine at 
full speed, .burn the bridges after us, dash through 
Chattanooga and on to Mitchell at Huntsville. 
We have the upper hand of the rebels for once." 

The programme was to cut the telegraph, 
obstruct the track at several points, then burn a 
dozen bridges, pass Chattanooga on a "Y," and 
press west to meet General Mitchell, wherever he 
might be. Andrews' story for the Confederate 
railroad men he might meet was that the train 
was a special loaded with powder for Beauregard. 
All his party, except the engineer and fireman, 
were to be kept concealed in the rear car, the 
doors of which were closed. 

Conductor Fuller, whose train had been stolen, 
made an extraordinary pursuit. The whirl of 
the engine wheels and the shouts of the guards 
had startled him as he sat at the breakfast table, 
but before he had tasted a mouthful. The crowd 
rushed from the dining room. The sentinel said 



— £j46— 

the train robbery had been committed by four 
men — it seems that he had seen no more. Fuller 
jumped to the conclusion that the four were con- 
scripts, and that they would abandon the engine 
as soon as they ran a few miles north and make 
their escape. So he started in pursuit on foot. 
He was accompanied by his engineer, Cain, and 
the fireman of the road machine shops, Anthony 
Murphy. The crowd at Big Shanty laughed to 
see three men start off on foot to pursue a flying 
train, but the move, absurd as it seemed, resulted, 
after extraordinary complications and adventures, 
in the capture of the whole Andrews party. 

The fires in the captured engine having been 
well started, preparations were made for a long 
run. Knight looked over and thoroughly oiled 
the engine. A red flag was placed on the rear 
car to indicate that the regular passenger train 
was following. The train ran on to Moon's 
Station, about two miles north of Big Shanty, 
where a gang of section hands were working on 
the track. A wedge-pointed iron bar was bor- 
rowed from one of the men and put on the cap- 
tured engine. 



—247— 

The train sped at a moderate speed (it was 
useless to run too fast, as trains had to be met 
and passed on schedule time, through Acworth and 
Allatoona, the latter station being eleven miles 
from Big Shanty. A short distance above Alla- 
toona the train was brought to a stop in order 
that the telegraph wires might be cut and a rail 
lifted behind the train to obstruct pursuit. The 
iron bar had no "claw." and work with it was 
slow, five minutes being required to pry up a rail. 
The rail removed was put on the train. 

The Andrews train reached the Etowah river, 
and crossed the long bridge there safely. The 
unexpected was met near the bridge. On the 
track of a branch railroad, leading to the iron 
works five miles up the river, stood a locomotive, 
the " Yonah," with fires burning. The engine 
belonged to the iron works. Several men were 
gathered about it. Knight said to Andrews, 
"We had better destroy that and the bridge;" 
but Andrews refused, saying, ' ' It won't make 
any difference." He had not intended to destroy 
this bridge ; and he knew he must make a halt at 
Kingston, thirteen miles further on, to pass a 



south-bound train. Andrews' decision is pro- 
nounced sound under the circumstances. He 
passed on without communicating with the " Yo- 
nah's " crew. 

Soon he passed through Cartersville, twenty 
miles from Big Shanty, leaving the waiting pass- 
engers wondering why this short freight train was 
running on the regular passenger time. Cass- 
ville, four miles further on, was reached. An- 
drews stopped here for wood and water. The 
man in charge of the station was curious, and 
plied Andrews with questions. Andrews told 
him that he had been sent by Gen. Beauregard, 
who was in desperate straits for ammunition, and 
had ordered that a train be impressed, loaded 
with powder, and run through at lightning speed. 
" The very appearance of Andrews, tall, com- 
manding and perfectly self-possessed, speaking 
like one who had long been accustomed to 
authority, was so much like the ideal Southern 
officer that the station-tender's confidence was 
won at once." The battle of Shiloh had just 
ended, and the story that Beauregard wanted 
powder was plausible. "Seeing the impression 



—249— 

that he had made, Andrews, who of course did 
not work at throwing on wood, but left that to 
his companions, asked if he could not be supplied 
with a schedule of the road, as it might be useful. 
Russel (the tender) handed out his onw schedule, 
saying he would 'send his shirt to Beauregard' if 
the latter wanted it. When asked afterward if he 
did not suspect a man who made such an un- 
reasonable demand, he answered, 'No; I would 
as soon have suspected Jefferson Davis himself 
as one who talked with the assurance that An- 
drews did.' " 

The train resumed its way, fully supplied now 
with wood and water, and with a schedule. 
Kingston, thirty-one miles north of the point 
where the train was seized, was reached a little 
ahead of time. The branch railroad to Rome 
connects at Kingston, and its morning passenger 
train had just come in. The down local freight 
must also be passed here. It had not yet arrived. 
Andrews ran a few hundred feet past the station, 
and with the most perfect composure directed the 
switch-tender to put him on the sidetrack. The 
order was complied with. The engineer of the 



— 2SO— 

Rome train came over and said to Knight, with 
an oath: "How is this? What's up? Here's 
their engine, with none of their men on board?" 
Andrews stepped up and said : "I have taken this 
train by Government authority to run ammunition 
through to General Beauregard, who must have it 
at once." He waved his hand towards the car in 
which sixteen armed men were concealed, ready 
at a signal to spring forth to execute an order of 
any kind. The inquirers then asked how soon 
the passenger train would be along. Andrews 
said he supposed it would soon be in, as they 
were fitting out another train when he left At- 
lanta. Leaving the engine in charge of his three 
visible comrades Andrews went into the telegraph 
office and asked: "What is the matter with the 
local freight that it is not here ?" 

The operator could not say, but showed a tele- 
gram to Fuller ordering him to wait at Kingston. 

At length the local fre ight came in. Andrews 
directed the conductor to pull his train further 
down the road, to permit his passing. The con- 
ductor noticed that Andrews was treated with def- 
erence at the station, and complied. Andrews, 



to his surprise and chagrin, noticed a red flag at 
the rear of the local freight. He asked for an ex- 
planation and was told that General Mitchel had 
captured Hunts ville and was advancing by forced 
marches on Chattanooga. The Confederates at 
Chattanooga were, therefore, running their goods 
and rolling stock south, to be out of harm's way. 
The conductor of the freight asked Andrews how 
he could get his powder to Beauregard at Corinth 
when Mitchel had seized the railroad at Hunts- 
ville. Andrews' reply was that he did not believe 
the story about Mitchel. If it was true, Beaure- 
gard would soon sweep him out of the way. "At 
any rate," Andrews replied, "I have my orders." 
The delay at Kingston already far exceeded 
what was looked for, but the extra finally came 
in. It also had a red flag behind ! It had been 
too heavy for one engine, and so was divided. 
Already Andrews had waited for nearly an hour, 
and still a train blocked the road before him. 
He told Knight to go back quietly to the rear car 
and tell the men to be ready for a signal and a 
fight. Knight sauntered past the car and said in 
a low tone to his invisible comrades : "Boys, we 



have to wait for a train that is a little behind time, 
and the folks around are getting mighty uneasy 
and suspicious. Be ready to jump out if you are 
called and let them have it hot and fast." The 
low reply was: "We are ready, and have been 
for an hour." 

Andrews noticed that people around the station 
were beginning to mutter that all was not right. 
The old switch-tender, especially, was suspicious, 
and kept grumbling. Andrews' manner did not 
change in the least. He answered questions civ- 
illy and confidently. Meantime he kept his eye 
on the telegraph operator, for he could commu- 
nicate with Chattanooga, and by a long current 
with Atlanta. But no message was sent. 

After a wait of an hour and five minutes the 
third freight train came into Kingston, and An- 
drews could be off as soon as the switch was ad- 
justed. But the old switch-tender "had been get- 
ting in a worse and worse humor for the whole of 
the last hour ; he had hung up his keys, and now 
roughly declared that he would not take them 
down again until Andrews showed him by what 
authority he was ordering everybody about as if 



—253— 

he owned the whole road. We who were shut up 
in a box car heard the loud and angry voice, and 
supposed that the time for us to act had come; 
yet we waited for our leader's command, as we 
remembered how he had counseled us against 
being too precipitate. But he only laughed softly, 
as if the anger of the old man amused him, and, 
saying, T have no more time to waste with you,' 
he walked into the station, to the place where he 
had seen the keys put up, and, taking them 
down, went quietly and swiftly out and made the 
change himself. The tender's wrath knew no 
bounds at this; he stormed, declared he would 
have Andrews arrested, would report him, and 
many other things. Andrews then waved his 
hand to the engineer, and, as our locomotive 
came promptly up, he stepped on board, and we 
glided out on the main track, and were off!" 

"But Andrews did not know as he pulled out 
of Kingston, three hours and five minutes after 
capturing the train, that Fuller, with the "Yonah" 
in pursuit, was only four minutes behind him! 

The Confederate conductor Fuller and his two 
companions, after leaving Big Shanty, ran along 



—254— 

the track for two miles and there found a hand 
car — the simple kind propelled by a pole, having 
a speed of seven or eight miles an hour. At the 
Etowah River the engine "Yonah" was quickly 
hitched to an empty coal car, and a score of 
armed men were soon on board. The run to Kings- 
ton, thirteen miles, was made in sixteen minutes. 
But the several trains occupying the Kingston tracks 
delayed Fuller also for a short time. 

Andrews pushed his train rapidly for several 
miles after leaving Kingston; then stopped to cut 
the telegraph wire and tear up the track; also to 
load on some ties and some other wood to be 
used in burning bridges. While engaged in 
removing a rail — hark! the whistle of a locomo- 
tive in pursuit was heard. The rail snapped, and 
the Andrews party was saved for the present. 
Once more their train flew northward. A south- 
bound freight was found waiting at the next sta- 
tion, Adairsville. The freight conductor warned 
Andrews that if he intended to run on to Calhoun, 
the next station nine miles north, he would have 
to look out for a collision with a passenger train. 
Andrews started off at a moderate speed, but 



—255— 

soon crowded on all steam, taking the risk. The 
passenger train was just pulling out of Calhoun 
when Andrews reached there. It backed and its 
rear end blocked Andrews' way. Of course an 
explanation was demanded. Andrews repeated 
the powder story. The passenger conductor was 
in no hurry to move his train, and consented to 
do so at last only because Andrews' manner 
became peremptory. 

At Kingston Fuller and his Confederate sol- 
diers were compelled to abandon the Yonah and 
change to the Rome engine and one passenger 
car. The point where the half rail was missing 
was soon reached, and again the pursuit was 
interrupted. Again Fuller and Murphy tried a 
foot race. They soon met the freight train which 
Andrews had passed at Adairsville, and signaled 
it to stop. The train was run back to Adairsville, 
the engine and one car detached, and filled with 
armed men. 

At last Andrews had a clear track to Chatta- 
nooga. He had passed five trains, all extras or 
behind time but one. He knew there were pur- 
suers, but felt satisfied that he had impeded them 



—256— 

sufficiently. A rain had been falling for some 
time, and increased as he approached the long 
bridge at Resaca. The train stopped. Again 
the telegraph wire was cut, and an attempt was 
made to fire the bridge. This was difficult, as 
the fuel was wet. An effort was made to remove 
a rail. "Andrews snatched the iron bar out of 
the hands of a man who was wielding it and — 
though we had strong and practiced men in our 
party, I had not before seen the blows rained 
down with such precision and force. Some say 
that Andrews uttered an oath on this occasion, 
but, though standing by, I did not hear him; the 
only words I did hear being directions about the 
work, given in his mild tones, but with quite an 
emphatic ring of triumph in them. He wanted 
that rail up in the fewest number of seconds, and 
then — the bridge. There were several men using 
a lever of green wood and trying to tear up the 
end of a rail from which the spikes had not yet 
been drawn; but the lever bent too much and a 
fence rail was added and we lifted again. At 
that instant, loud and clear from the South, came 
the whistle of the engine in pursuit. It was near 



by and running at lightning speed. The roll of 
a thousand thunders could not have startled us 
more." The Andrews party were compelled to 
take to their train, leaving the track practically 
uninjured. 

The race was now an open one between two 
locomotives. Andrews dropped one of his cars 
to delay the pursuit. Fuller slowed up, coupled 
it to his engine, and again flew ahead. Andrews 
battered out the rear end of his rear car, and 
tumbled ties out upon the track. This did not 
greatly check the pursuers. He dropped a sec- 
ond car which the pursuers took up as before. 
They left the two cars on a side track at the first 
opportunity. They had the fastest engine. An- 
drews' fuel was running low. Still the pursuers 
feared obstructions and were running more care- 
fully. Andrews halted at a woodpile and quickly 
filled the tender, all the party working, conceal- 
ment being at an end. As Andrews started 
again the pursuers began to open fire. He had 
obstructed the path at the woodpile, and this gave 
him time to take water a short distance further on. 
He tried again to lift a rail, but the united efforts 



—238— 

of his men failed. His train dashed through 
Dalton, taking the chances of a clear track. 
Again the party halted and tugged - at a rail, but 
again vainly. 

At Dalton Fuller succeeded in getting a warn- 
ing dispatch through to the Confederate comman- 
der at Chattanooga. Andrews did not know this, 
but felt that the race was against him. He 
ordered his last car to be fired. The rain was 
falling in torrents, but the fire was fed with oil 
and nursed in every possible way. The car was 
uncoupled in the middle of a covered bridge over 
Chickamauga Creek. Andrews' men clambered 
on the locomotive and resumed their flight. The 
bridge was not fired as was hoped. The pursuers 
came up and pushed the burning car before them 
to the nearest side-track. Surely the pursuit in 
this case was heroic. 

Andrews' engine raced through Ringgold and 
reached a point within nineteen miles of Chatta- 
nooga, but it was evident to his men that he had 
lost all hope of success. He threw his papers 
into the engine furnace, and ordered the men to 
jump off one by one, scatter in the woods and try 



—289— 

to reach the Union lines. Mr. Pittinger says this 
was a fatal order. The band, he thinks, should 
have kept together and marched through the 
mountains direct toward Mitchel's lines. Nine- 
teen resolute men armed with revolvers was not a 
force to trifle with. Andrews' order was obeyed, 
however, without parley or delay, and the result 
was that within a few days every one of the band 
was a prisoner. Before leaving the engine Knight 
reversed the lever and sent it back toward the 
pursuers, who saw it coming and also reversed. 
Steam was low in the abandoned locomotive, and 
it was soon back in Confederate hands and unde r 
control. 

The fugitives scattered out over the country, 
but the astounding audacity of their exploit 
quickly aroused the whole region around Chatta- 
nooga. Ever road swarmed with Confederates. 
Bloodhounds were put on the trails, and before 
many days every man in the band was a prisoner. 
They were chained and put in a windowless slave 
dungeon in Chattanooga, which was entered by a 
trap door. The various stories of attempted 
escape as here told are intensly interesting. 



— 260- 

Andrews and another of the party again escaped, 
but were quickly recaptured, and so fettered with 
iron that he could only shuffle along. He was 
court-martialed, and was hanged in his fetters at 
Atlanta, -June 7. In his last letter he wrote to a 
friend: "I have now calmly submitted to my 
fate, and have been earnestly engaged in prepar- 
ing to meet my God in peace. And I have found 
that peace of mind and tranquility of soul that 
even surprises myself." When the drop fell the 
cotton rope stretched so that the shackled feet of 
Andrews reached the ground. The ground 
beneath his feet was shoveled away. No coffin 
was provided. His body was carried from the 
scaffold to an open grave a few hundred feet 
away. 

The rest of the party also were court-martialed, 
with what result the prisoners did not know. 
On the 1 8th of June troops surrounded the prison 
at Atlanta and officers came into the jail and read 
out the names of seven of the raiders. The 
seven were taken into an adjoining room. When 
they returned to their companions an hour later 
they were pinioned for immediate execution. In 



—261— 

less than another hour the seven were hanged on 
one scaffold. Not one of them faltered there. 
No preachers were present. Two had been sum- 
moned, but indignantly refused to act where men 
were given so little notice. George B. Wilson, 
of the Second Ohio, a Cincinnati mechanic before 
the war, was the spokesman of the condemned 
men on the scaffold. He said he did not regret 
dying for his country. The Southerns, he de- 
clared, were fighting for what they believed to be 
right, but they were terribly deceived by their 
leaders. He declared that the people of the 
North loved the whole Nation and the flag, and 
were fighting to uphold them, not to do any in- 
jury to the South, and that when victory came 
the South would reap the benefit as well as the 
North. The guilt of the war would rest upon 
those who had misled the Southern people, and 
induced them to engage in a causeless and hope- 
less rebellion. He told them that all whose lives 
were spared for but a short time would regret the 
part they had taken in the rebellion, and that the 
old Union would yet be restored, and the flag of 
our common country would wave over the very 



—262— 

ground occupied by this scaffold. The drop fell, 
and two ot the ropes broke. The two men asked 
for water, which was given them. As soon as 
possible they were executed. These seven men, 
uncoffined, were buried in a trench. 

Thirteen of the raiders were now left in prison, 
daily expecting to be taken out and hanged, with- 
out more than an hour's warning. But the Con- 
federates feared retaliation, and hesitated. Eight 
of the prisioners escaped a few months later by 
overpowering the guards. They made their way 
to the Union lines, some by the mountains of 
Tennessee and North Carolina, others by rivers 
running to the Gulf. The remaining captives 
were transferred from one prison to another, and 
were finally exchanged at Richmond. 

This is but an outline of the wonderful story 
that Mr. Pittenger tells, after obtaining the nar- 
ratives of all the raiders and examining all the 
documents relating to them to be found in Wash- 
ington, including Confederate archives. The 
two raiders who were left behind at Marietta the 
morning the train was captured enlisted in a 
Southern regiment, but the fact that they said 



—263— 

they were from Fleming County, Ky. , aroused 
suspicion. They were quickly identified as be- 
longing to the Andrews party, and were sent to 
the same prison. All the raiders were young 
Ohioans except Andrews. The names of those 
executed were J. J. Andrews, Wm. Campbell, 
George D. Wilson, Marion A. Ross, Perry G. 
Shadrack, Samuel Slavens and Samuel Robinson. 
Those who escaped (October, 1862,) were Wil- 
son W. Brown, Wm. Knight, J. R. Porter, 
Martin J. Hawkins, Mark Wood, J. A. Wilson, 
John Wollam and D. A. Dorsey. Those ex- 
changed March 18, 1863, were Jacob Parrott, 
Robert Buffum, Wm. Bensinger, Wm. Reddick, 
E. H. Masjon and Wm. Pittenger. Below is a 
list of the survivors, their addresses and occupa- 
tions : 

1. William Knight, stationary engine, Stryk- 
er, Williams County, O. 

2. Captain Jacob Parrott, farmer, Kenton, O. 

3. Lieutenant D. A. Dorsey, real estate 
dealer, Kearney, Neb. 

4. Captain William Bensinger, farmer, Mc- 
Comb, Wood County, O. 



—264— 

5. Lieutenant J. B. Porter, dry goods mer- 
chant, McComb, Wood County, O. 

6. Lieutenant William H. Reddick, farmer, 
Louisa County, la. 

7. J. A. Wilson, grocer, Haskins, Wood 
County, O. 

8. Captain W. W. Brown, farmer, Dowling, 
Wood County, O. 

g. Captain E. H. Mason, Pemberville, O. 

io. Rev. William Pittenger, pastor of a church 
at Haddonfield, Camden County, N. J. 

n. John Wollam, South Topeka, Kas. 

Three of the survivors are dead : Mark Wood, 
Lieutenant Robert Buffum and Lieutenant M. J. 
Hawkins. Wood died of consumption, and Buf- 
fum of insanity, superinduced by prison hard- 
ships. 



THE MORGAN INVASION. 



CHAPTER VII. 

Gen. Morgan probably conceived the idea that a 
raid into Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania might ad- 
vance the interests of the Southern Confederacy. 
He arranged his plans accordingly, and on the 
8th day of July, 1863, he crossed the Ohio river 
at Brandensburg, a small town in Kentucky, by 
means of two steamboats, which had been cap- 
tured. The most of the day was spent in cross- 
ing the river. A small company of Indiana 
militia made an attack on Morgan's forces, but 
were driven back into the hills quickly. Gen. 
Morgan's command numbered 2,500 well equip- 
ped and brave men. The night of July 8 they 
encamped near Corydon, Indiana. Near where 
the invaders encamped lived a personal friend of 
the writer's, the Rev. P. Glenn, a minister of the 
Lutheran church. He was an ardent Union 
man. A squad of invaders passed his house, 
called him into the yard and deliberately shot 



-i266— 

him. Exactly why this good man's life was 
taken has not been ascertained. He died in a 
few minutes after he was shot, and did not know 
why he was so cruelly dealt with by those he had 
not harmed. 

Early in the morning of the 9th a company of 
Indiana militia intercepted the invaders at Cory- 
don, the county seat of Harrison county, Indi- 
ana, and after a little skirmish the militia retreat- 
ed, and the invaders went on their way towards 
Salem. 

The invaders encamped on the Salem road, be- 
yond Corydon, on the night of the 9th, helping 
themselves to provisions and horses as they had 
needs ; and as they advanced they did not spare 
the hen-roosts and larders. At Salem a detach- 
ment of militia disputed the further intrusion of 
the raiders. The presence of Gen. Morgan's 
forces, however, soon quelled the Hoosier militia. 

Many of the raiders seemed to be disposed to 
pillage — even taking articles for which they could 
have no earthly use. Only a few hours' halt was 
made here, as the Indiana militia was rapidly col- 
lecting. After burning a few bridges the invad- 



—267— 



ers marched rapidly towards Vienna, a village on 
the Jeffersonville and Indianapolis Railroad. 
Passing through Vienna the invaders made a halt 
and encamped at the village of Langston. A 
Union cavalry company approaching the town, 
Gen. Morgan's forces started at day-break, march- 
ing towards Madison , then making a detour ad- 
vanced to a point near Vernon. Here a large 
force of Home Guards made their appearance, 
and the invaders again changed their course and 
went by Dupont towards the Ohio line. The 
wildest rumors prevailed all along the southern 
borders of Indiana and Ohio concerning the 
object of the invaders. The people in many 
places fled pell-mell for* their safety ; others beg- 
ged to be spared. 

The invaders found an abundance of provisions 
and horses along the line of their march. From 
this point the invaders were not allowed to rest a 
single full night until they were captured. They 
destroyed a few bridges and water tanks on the 
railroads they passed over, but did very little at 
destroying private property. They were in too 
much of a hurry to pay their respects to the 



—268- 

different squads of home guards as they passed 
by. Without stopping to rest during the nth 
and 1 2th, they reached Harrison, a village in 
Ohio, at about noon the 13th of July. The in- 
vaders evidently feared an attack from troops 
stationed at Cincinnati, and hence they moved on 
with great rapidity, although in a deplorable con- 
dition for the want of rest, being compelled to 
eat and sleep as they journeyed. They passed 
through Glendale, about twenty miles north of 
Cincinnati, crossing the Little Miami Railroad 
near Camp Dennison and marching on to Wil- 
liamsburg, about thirty miles east of Cincinnati, 
where a halt was made for a few hours of rest 
and sleep. Early in the "morning the invaders 
leaving Williamsburg marched in great haste 
through Piketon, Jackson and Berlin. At the 
last named place a fight occurred between the 
invaders and a gallant malitia company; several 
of Morgan's men were killed and wounded. 

On the 1 8th the invaders passed near Pomeroy 
and from this point they were constantly harrassed 
by some regular soldiers who now made their 
appearance and took an active part in the race. 



—269— 

The invaders were evidently seeking a favorable 
fording place. They had by this time become 
heartily sick of the hospitality of Indiana and 
Ohio, notwithstanding their wants were abun- 
dantly supplied without money and price. Their 
purpose to cross the Ohio River at Bufhngton 
Island was now well understood by the Union 
troops. The ford was guarded by a company of 
malitia. On the morning of the 19th the regular 
Union troops from Pomeroy arrived and a fight 
took place. The invaders fought bravely but 
were soon thrown into great confusion and nearly 
one thousand of their number captured. The 
number killed and wounded on both sides was 
small. Two or three hundred of Morgan's men 
succeeded in crossing the Ohio River above Buf- 
fington Island whilst the General with about one 
thousand of his men were endeavoring to get 
away from Generals Hobson and Judah. He 
was overtaken and captured by Union General 
Shackleford; thus the invasion suddedly came to 
an end and the captured invaders were sent to 
the various military prisons. 

What the real purpose of the invaders was, if 



— 270— 

there was any well defined purpose, has never 
been developed. A part of the invaders found 
homes on Johnston's Island, whilst others were 
confined in Camp Chase at Columbus. General 
Morgan with sixty-seven of his men were con- 
fined in the penitentiary at Columbus, O. This 
was done in retaliation — the Confederacy having 
confined certain Union soldiers in Southern 
prisons. Having made a careful survey of at 
least that part of the prison in which they were 
confined, and ascertaining, in some way that has 
not been explained, that there was an air cham- 
ber under the floor of some of the cells in which 
they were confined, by cutting a hole through 
the floor they reached the air chamber. The 
tools used were knives that had been slipped 
from the table at meal time and other pieces of 
iron secured in the prison yard. They having 
gained an entrance into the prison yard through 
the air chamber, they now had to scale a wall 
twenty-five feet high. This was done by tearing 
some of their bed clothes into strips and then 
platting them into a stout rope ; the rope was fas- 
tened to a hook they had used in opening the 



—271— 

way under the prison. This rope served as a 
ladder upon which they ascended to the top of 
the wall, and then fastening the rope and adjust- 
ing it on the other side they descended without 
difficulty. The night was dark and rainy which 
was all the more favorable. How they obtained 
the information necessary to enable them to es- 
cape, and how the seven members that escaped 
secured citizens' clothes, has not been revealed. 



TWO FEMALE SPIES. 



CHAPTER VIII. 
General Grant had a wonderful capacity for 
originating and carrying out strategic plans. This 
peculiar faculty enabled him to accomplish great 
ends often during the war, without (seemingly) 
employing adequate means. One of the strong 
points in his nature was not to divulge his plans 
to any one. He conceived the idea that it would 
accomplish much in the way of breaking the 
back-bone of the rebellion to make a successful 
raid from some point in Tennessee to the sea. 
But he must in some way secure information in 
regard to the route the army making the raid 
must take in order to reach the eastern sea-board. 
How to get a correct topography of the country 
through which the army must pass was a question 
hard to solve. He must know where an army of 
from sixty to eighty thousand strong could find 
provisions enough to sustain it in an enemy's 
land. It was too late in the war to send male 



—273— 

spies to gather the necessary information, for they 
would not likely get back from Dixie, for the 
Confederates had a fashion of elevating those 
whom they even strongly suspected of being 
spies. General Grant consulted General Mc- 
Pherson in regard to selecting suitable females if 
they could be found. Having matured the plan, 
he gave it over to Gen. McPherson to carry out. 
He was fortunate in finding two suitable females 
who agreed to make the attempt to go from Mem- 
phis, Tenn., to Savannah, Ga. , and return. It was 
a hazardous undertaking ; it required nerve and 
skill to succeed. One of these young ladies was 
a native of Butler County, Ohio. She was the 

leader and her name was M B . She was a 

young lady of fine natural endowments and great 
courage and perseverance. They must remain at 
Memphis a month or two in order to establish 
their reputation as arrant rebels. The last public 
act they performed to establish their reputation as 
bold and bitter Confederates was as follows : 
There was an entertainment of some kind or 
other in the theatre at Memphis. During the 
performance the Union flag was unfurled and 



—274— 

waved. These girls had Confederate flags with 
them, which they also waved and hurrahed for 
Jeff. Davis and the Southern Confederacy. Be- 
ing in the gallery, they spit down on the Union 
soldiers in the parquette. There was a furor of 
excitement created instantly, and the young ladies 
were arrested by the order of Gen. McPherson, 
and had their trial before a military court. The 
penalty for their disloyal conduct on this and 
many other occasions was — they must be put 
through the Union lines into the territory held by 
the Confederates. Amidst intense excitement 
they were put through the Union lines. They 
bewailed their forlorn condition with many tears. 
But the Confederates endeavored to comfort and 
encourage them with many acts of kindness. 
These young ladies remembered that they had 
friends at Atlanta, at Macon, and way down at 
Savannah. They were kindly sent and enter- 
tained at these different points. The Confeder- 
ates ''were entertaining angels unawares" this 
time. Some of the newspapers in the North 
abused Gen. McPherson without stint for his 
cruelty in putting defenseless females through the 



—278— 

Union lines. The Confederate papers fairly 
howled with rage at Gen. McPherson for his in- 
human conduct in putting "these intelligent and 
refined ladies" through the Union lines without 
money or friends. For this act Gen. McPherson 
was called the second beast ; Gen. Butler had 
already been dubbed the first beast. I twitted 
the General about his putting these young ladies 
through the Union lines, and the fact that Con- 
federates called him the second beast. His 
reply was, "Perhaps you will understand that 
better after while. If I meet you in a year after 
this I will explain all." He laughed heartily at 
what the newspapers said about him in regard to 
this act. Alas ! I did not meet him again ; in 
less than a year he joined the vast army of the 
sleeping dead Often I thought there must be 
something peculiar about this whole matter. I 
did not comprehend it until about eight months 
after my conversation with Gen. McPherson. I 
met a young lady who was being entertained by 
Dr. Failor, at Kelley's Landing, on the Tennessee 
river. She was on her way to report to General 
Grant, just having returned from her long and 



— k76— 

perilous journey from Memphis to Atlanta, to 
Macon and Savannah and return. I assisted her 
in getting to Gen. Grant's headquarters at Chat- 
tanooga, and then learned from her that she was 
one of the young ladies that Gen. McPherson put 
through the Union lines at Memphis. It is gen- 
erally believed to this day, both in the North and 
South, that the banishment of these two young 
ladies was for cause. Gen. Grant knew just 
exactly what effect it would have upon Southern- 
ers to put through the Union lines a couple of 
young ladies. He was sure that they would vie 
with each other in showing kindness to these 
defenseless young ladies. In this way they were 
enabled to gain all the information Gen. Grant 
desired to obtain. This young lady received 
quite a handsome sum of money for her services. 
This explains "the information, of such great 
value to Gen. Sherman," who, with great skill and 
energy, pushed his way to the sea, brushing the 
Confederate army away like cob-webs. Whilst it 
may be a mooted question as to who suggested 
this raid to the sea, it is quite evident that Gen- 
erals Grant and McPherson had much to do in 



planning and arranging the preliminaries. Gen. 
Sherman has the honor at least of carrying out 
the plan with a masterly hand. Let honor be 
bestowed upon whom honor is due. 



SHERMAN'S MARCH TO THE SEA. 



THE MOVEMENT THAT BROKE THE BACKBONE OF 

THE CONFEDERACY RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE 

DESTRUCTION OF ATLANTA THROUGH 
THE HEART OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 



CHAPTER IX. 

We are now to describe the most original and 
most dazzling movement of the war, of which 
history contains no similar example, except that 
of Cortez burning his ships. It was a bold and 
hazardous undertaking in which no backward step 
was possible. Hood's audacious attempt to lure 
Sherman out of Georgia resulted, as we have seen, 
in his own destruction. He had thrown himself 
on the Union General's communications and 
caused him to turn for an instant, but for scarce a 
longer time. He had taken several of the posts 
along that line, but had been repulsed from Alia- 
toona Pass by the brave General Corse, who 
"held the fort" against a vastly superior force, 



—279— 

thus saving an enormous amount of supplies and 
giving Hood the first check in his aggressive cam- 
paign. Sherman followed Hood as far back as 
Gaylesville, and saw him fairly started on his 
westward way, and left him to be taken care of 
by General Thomas. He now stripped for the 
great march, whose final objective was Richmond, 
a thousand miles away. The sick and wounded, 
the non-combatants, the machinery, extra bag- 
gage, tents, wagons, artillery ammunition, stores, 
every person and everything not needed in the 
proposed campaign, were sent back to Chatta- 
nooga. He reduced his army to a simple march- 
ing and fighting machine. Every impediment 
was sent to the rear. Nor did the General ask 
the commonest soldier to put up with worse fare 
and worse lodging than he reserved for himself. 
A tent he must have for his maps and papers, but 
both he and his staff slept in blankets on the 
ground and fed on hard tack. Some rations were 
taken in a small wagon train, but the army was 
expected to live on the country. The artillery 
was reduced to sixty-five guns, and but two hun- 
dred rounds of ammunition were carried for mus- 



— 280— 

ket and gun. His army numbered sixty thousand 
fighting men, the elite of the Western army, full 
of that undoubting faith in their General which 
the French army felt for Napoleon, and the 
British fleet for Nelson. When he ordered things 
to be done which they could not understand they 
merely said: "Well, Sherman can't make amis- 
take; where he puts us we're going in, and we are 
dead sure to whip the rebs." 

On the 1 2th of November, r864, communica- 
tion with the rear was broken, the foundries, 
machine shops and factories at Rome were 
burned, and a parting good-bye message was sent 
to Thomas that all was well. On the 14th the 
army was concentrated at Atlanta, and on the 
15th the movement began, all the works at 
Atlanta, its mills, depots, shops and foundries 
being burned and its defenses destroyed. 

Then the great army, severed from its base, 
became a gigantic moving column, with a new 
piece of history to make for itself. It might be a 
great triumphal march, it might be a tragedy of 
ruin, but m either case there was sure to be a 
story in which the human element of interest 



—281— 

would be very great. What were they going to 
do? One thing was clear. They were going to 
defy all military rules, and at a mortal risk enlarge 
men's knowledge of the art of war. Nothing like 
this of flinging an army of sixty thousand men 
from its base into an unknown field of operations 
had been ever seen before. A movable column 
is at best a perilous undertaking, even when 
formed on a small scale. Military art has gener- 
ally condemned all such movements. Sherman 
had no supplies to fall back on. Between him 
and the sea lay three hundred miles of savanna, 
swamp and sand. A hundred water-courses 
crossed his path. He would have roads to make, 
morasses to turn, rivers to bridge. And where 
was he to find food for that mighty host? It is a 
proverb as old as war that "an army moves upon 
its belly." "Does manna grow upon the beach 
and in the pine woods?" asked one of Sherman's 
aides-de-camp. 

The command of a large army tasks the 
resources of the greatest mind. It is one of the 
highest human achievements, and by common 
consent the first rank of fame is accorded to the 



-282- 

great Generals. To move an army, and feed it 
on the march, requires a higher order of general- 
ship than to fight it. Thirty hours without sup- 
plies would reduce the best army to a helpless 
mass of disorganized humanity. Food for the 
men, forage for the animals, must not only be 
provided, but must be at the precise spot when 
wanted. Napoleon, the great master of the art of 
war, had a score of marshals, any one of whom 
could fight a great battle, and scarce one of whom 
could lead an army on the march. An army on 
the march resembles nothing so much as an enor- 
mous serpent stretched out mile upon mile, and 
moving, alert and watchful, with steady and irre- 
sistible force. Let danger threaten and it hastily 
coils itself together and prepares to avert or over- 
come the danger. Shrunk to a fraction of its 
former dimensions, it shows its fangs and is ready 
for attack or defense. The danger overpast, the 
great mass unfolds its coils again and stretches 
out its huge proportions in progressive movement. 
The brain of this mighty animal, the supreme 
mind that controls its every motion, is the Gen 
eral-in-chief. 



As he rides out of Atlanta on that dark Nov- 
ember day, the smoke of the doomed city filling 
all the heavens like a pall, we catch a glimpse of 
the General, who has conceived and is about to 
execute this desperate enterprise. Born in 1820, 
he graduated at West Point in 1840 in the same 
class with George H. Thomas and Richard S. 
Elwell, the latter holding high command in the 
Confederate army. Sherman was at this time in 
his forty-fifth year. A tall, slim, iron-built figure, 
all nerve and sinew, with not an ounce of flesh to 
spare. A large head, long and conical, with 
slanting brow, crossed and cut by furrows, eyes of 
dark brown, hair of the same hue, cropped close, 
sandy beard and mustache, a large mouth, with 
an expression of countenance kindly, even hu- 
morous, but keen, anxious, vigilant and sus- 
picious. Such is the outward and visible aspect 
of the "Old Man," as the soldiers called him. 
He denies himself and his staff every luxury. 
He has fewer servants, fewer horses than the reg- 
ulations allow, and his staff is smaller than that of 
a brigade commander. He has redi^ced himself 
and every man under him to fighting weight. The 



army was divided for the march into two wings, 
General Howard commanding the right, General 
Slocum the left, with General Kilpatrick in com- 
mand of the cavalry. 

Milledgeville, the Capital of the State, was the 
first objective of the march, distant southeast 
one hundred miles. Here the Georgia Legisla- 
ture was in session, and here the Georgia militia, 
under General Howell Cobb, was concentrating. 
Gaily, and with a free step, the troops full of the 
confidence success inspires, swung forward into 
Milledgeville. Each wing of the army was com- 
posed of two corps, and the ordinary order of 
march where practicable was by four roads, as 
nearly parallel as possible. Each column marched 
within supporting distance of the others. The 
General commanding issued his orders indicating 
generally the object to be accomplished or the 
line to be followed. On the subordinate com- 
manders devolved the task of carrying the orders 
out in detail. In order to subsist supplies must 
be gathered from the country passed over, and to 
this end eack brigade had a regularly organized 
foraging party, whose business it was daily to 



gather near the route traveled corn and forage ot 
any kind, meat, vegetables and cornmeal, or 
whatever was needed by the command, aiming at 
all times to keep in the wagons ten days' provis- 
ions for the command and three days' forage. 
These foraging parties soon got to be known as 
Sherman's "bummers," and they achieved for 
themselves a bad eminence for conduct that can 
scarcely be defended even under the rigorous 
rules of war. The line between taking for the 
army and stealing for one's self ought to have 
been better marked than it seems to have been 
according to all authentic accounts. Such acts as 
taking the last chicken, the last pound of meal, 
the last bit of bacon, the only remaining scraggy 
cow from a poor woman and her flock of children, 
were strictly forbidden by Sherman. He must 
not be held responsible for what the bummers 
following his army did. In the hurried march 
he could not stop to punish transgressors. 

One of Sherman's objects in the great march 
was to destroy all warlike stores and means of 
transport, including railways, bridges and canals, 
and this was done with remarkable thoroughness. 



-286- 

Most of the march was made along the lines of 
railroad, which were destroyed as the troops ad- 
vanced. The method of destruction was to burn 
and dig up all the bridges and culverts, and tear 
up the track and bend the rails. The ties would 
be placed in piles, the rail laid across them and 
the ties set on fire. The rails becoming red hot 
in the middle, the soldiers would then twist them 
around trees, thus completely preventing their 
ever being used again. Everything that could 
serve an army in the field was destroyed, and 
over a breadth of fifty miles, the line of march of 
the army, an almost desolate waste was made. 
It was currently said that a jaybird would have to 
carry a haversack in going through that country. 



GOV. TOD'S PART IN THE WAR. 



CHAPTER X. 
Hon. David Tod, for several years before the 
breaking out of the rebellion, had been a promi- 
nent politician in the State of Ohio. He was 
identified with the Democratic party, and had 
frequently been honored by his party. He had 
served nearly five years as United States Minister 
to Brazil. He was chosen to preside over the 
Democratic National convention at Baltimore that 
nominated Douglass for President. He was a 
man of sound judgment and positive convictions 
of duty. When he saw that the Government was 
in danger of being disrupted, he at once dropped 
his party prejudices and heartily co-operated 
with the Union party to save the Nation. He 
was nominated and triumphantly elected, and in 
January, 1862, he was inaugurated and entered 
upon the duties of Governor of Ohio. And it is 
the verdict of the people of the State that well did 
he discharge the duties of his office. He was a 



—288— 

successful business man, and therefore brought 
with him to the office of Governor the reputation 
of a thorough business man as well as a political 
leader. His thorough knowledge of human 
nature enabled him to select and appoint suitable 
men for the various offices to be filled by his 
direction. He wisely retained most of Gov. 
Denison's staff officers, because they were familiar 
with the duties of these war times. He com- 
pleted and perfected the system of establishing 
military committees in every county in the State 
to aid and advise him in the work of recruiting 
and organizing the various regiments throughout 
the State. The first duty with him was to recruit, 
organize, equip, and put into the very best possi- 
ble condition each regiment required by the gen- 
eral government of the State. He was always 
prompt in complying with the requirements of the 
general government. President Lincoln, on one 
occasion, when the writer was sent by Gov. Tod 
with a message to him, said : ' 'You have a 
noble, prompt Governor in Ohio; he gives me 
little trouble ; he is ever looking after the welfare 
of Ohio regiments. This is right." Governor 



Tod organized a system that enabled him to kno v 
much about the condition of each Ohio regiment 
in the service, however remote. This was done 
by means of certain agents he had in the field to 
visit the various Ohio regiments and to report to 
him their condition. This method enabled the 
Governor to know about some things of the 
deficiencies of certain officers, and he was not 
slow to admonish them by letter and sometimes in 
person. He often incurred the displeasure of 
officers whom he felt it his duty to reprove. He 
was much devoted to the common soldier, and I 
think he did all in his power for their good. 

The next important feature of his administra- 
tion was the inauguration of a system to care for 
the sick and wounded soldiers of the State. His 
plan was to send physicians, nurses and sanitary 
stores as soon after a great battle was fought as 
possible. In many instances his messengers, with 
their useful stores, contributed greatly to the com- 
fort of the sick and wounded. He ordered his 
agents, as far as possible, to co-operate with the 
"Christian Commission" (an organization gotten 
up for the physical and spiritual benefit of the 



-290- 

soldiers). Allow me to note the fact here that 
the Governor gave largely out of his private means 
to carry on his benevolent works among the sick 
and wounded soldiers. My impression is that he 
has not received due credit for his generosity to 
the suffering soldiers of our state extended to them 
during the term of his office as Governor. 

Governor Tod appointed local agents, one at 
Washington, one at Columbus, O., one at Louis- 
ville, Ky. , another at Nashville, Tenn., to look 
after the interests of Ohio soldiers as they passed 
and repassed. These agencies proved to be of 
great benefit to the soldiers of Ohio. 

And still another important feature of his ad- 
ministration was the adoption of a method (also 
adopted by other states) to rid the service of 
certain unworthy sergeons and chaplains who 
were a constant detriment to the service. After 
the war had progressed for a year or more it was 
found that some drunken, reckless surgeons had 
gotten into the service, also a few unworthy chap- 
lains were hanging on to certain regiments, who 
were of no benefit. Now it was no easy task to 
rid the service of these, in some cases, worse than 



-201— 

useless men by regular court martial. It was nec- 
essary that charges be preferred and a regular 
trial be held to secure the dismissal of an officer. 
It was seldom thought advisable to institute pro- 
ceedings for the purpose of getting rid of unwor- 
thy officers. The shorter and better method was 
adopted mainly, I am informed, by the sugges- 
tions of Governor Tod as follows: Agents were 
employed and sent to the regiments in which such 
delinquent surgeons and chaplains were likely to 
be found. They were instructed carefully to ex- 
amine the charges and make, if possible, personal 
observations and then report the facts in the case 
to the Governor. The Governor would then 
write to such delinquent surgeon or chaplain ask- 
ing him to send his resignation to the Governor 
by a specified time. In this way the service was 
relieved of quite a number of unworthy men 
who had sought these places soon after the begin- 
ning of the war. 

Whilst it is freely admitted that there were 
some unworthy surgeons and chaplains in the 
service it is proper here to remark that there were 
many noble, self-sacrificing, Christian men, who 



filled these offices, and did much in various ways 
for the good of the service. Dollars and cents 
never can compensate these men for their benev- 
olent labors in alleviating suffering and imparting 
comfort in the hour of affliction. Let there be 
honor bestowed upon those to whom honor is 
due. 

The order given by the Governor to his agent 
in the field was as follows: 

"You are hereby authorized and instructed 
carefully and prudently to examine the conduct 
of any surgeon or chaplain reported delinquent 
who were commissioned by the authorities of the 
state of Ohio, and report to me in person. 

David Todd." 

Suffice it to say that Governor Tod "was 
instant in season and out of season," laboring and 
toiling to contribute the full amount of Ohio's 
quoto in the nation's army. When Cincinnati 
was threatened with an invasion from Kentucky, 
he called for volunteers and in a few days had 
organized a vast army of Squirrel Hunters. And 
when the disloyal elements in different parts of 
the state manifested a disposition to rebel against 



-293- 

certain requirements, he promptly but prudently 
squelched the rebellious machinations. 

Governor Tod's part in putting down the 
rebellion will be gratefully remembered by the 
people of Ohio for years to come. 



PROMINENT UNION GENERALS. 



CHAPTER XL 

In this chapter we aim to give a brief sketch of 
the Union Generals who distinguished themselves 
during the war. We begin with 

MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT ANDERSON, 

Who had charge of Ft. Sumpter, in Charleston 
Harbo^ S. C. , at the breaking out of the 
rebellion. The bombardment commenced April 
12, 1 86 1, and was conducted by Gen. Beaure- 
gard, with a force of about 7,000 troops, and 
continued two days. Major Anderson made a 
heroic defense, refused to surrender, but on the 
second day of the bombardment the Fort was set 
on fire by the hot shot that the Confederates used 
and Major Anderson was compelled to evacuate 
the Fort. He proved himself loyal to the Union 
cause and was honored by the United States gov- 
ernment. He was born at Middleton, near Louis- 
ville, Ky. His parents were more than ordinarily 
intelligent people. The writer one time had 



— 2©5— 

charge of the church in Kentucky in which Major 
Anderson's father was an officer and young An- 
derson was Sabbath school scholar in the Sabbath 
school connected with the church. It is related 
of him that he excelled in committing to memory 
Scripture passages and Luther's smaller chatecism. 
He was sent away to school when quite young 
and finally was sent to West Point, when he 
entered the U. S. army. He was in active service 
during the rebellion, but his health was greatly 
impaired by the torture of the two days' bombard- 
ment at Ft. Sumpter. He was promoted to a 
Brigadier Generalship. After the close of the war 
being in feeble health he went to France. He 
died in 1871 in San Francisco. 

DON CARLOS BUELL, 

At the breaking out of the war, was a Colonel 
in the U. S. army. He was born at Mari- 
etta, O., March 23, 181 8, and was edu- 
cated mostly at West Point. As a comman- 
der he was a man of fine ability. He was highly 
conservative in his political views. This some- 
times rendered him somewhat unpopular with the 



—296— 

soldiers. He was rapidly promoted during the 
war, and now carries the title of Brigadier Gen- 
eral. He is still living. 

AMBROSE E. BURNSIDE, 

At the beginning of the war, was a Colonel 
in the U. S. army. He was born at Lib- 
erty, Union county, Ind., in 1824. He 
was educated at West Point and was regarded 
as a fine scholar. He took a conspicuous part in 
the war. Had he been a little more reserved in 
his communications he would doubtless have been 
more successful in his campaigns. After the 
battle at Fredericksburg, Va. , the writer spent 
most of one day within the Confederate lines under 
a flag of truce. A Confederate General of high 
standing told me that they had a full and accurate 
knowledge of Gen. B's plan of battle for more 
than one week before its occurrence. I inquired 
how they got the information. He evaded an 
answer to this direct question and said that Gen. 
B. evidently had not the faculty of keeping a 
secret. He said to me the plan of the battle was 
for the right and left wings of Gen. B's army to 



—297— 

make a simultaneous attack. The object was to 
draw Gen. Lee's forces to the extremes, not less 
than nine miles from one extreme to the other, 
and there engage Gen. Lee's forces, and Gen. B. 
with his army having been concealed behind the 
hills on the other side of the river, were now to 
advance quickly, throw a pontoon over the river 
in front of Fredericksburg, and cross and divide 
Lee's army before he could concentrate his forces. 
Having a knowledge of the plan he said "we 
were prepared for Burnside." 

Gen. B. had evidently got too many of his sub- 
ordinates to help him keep what ought to have 
been a profound secret. I am of the opinion that 
the disastrous results of that battle were owing to 
the want of proper secresy. Gen Burnside was a 
brave soldier, who did much to crush the rebel- 
lion. He retired from the army at the close of , 
the war, and made the state of Rhode Island his 
home, and was elected Governor and then U. 
S. Senator. He died in 1880. 

GEO. B. MCCLELLAN, 

Was born in Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 3, 1826. 
His father was a physician of high repute. 



-298— 

Young McClellan received most of his academic 
training in a Philadelphia school. When about 
sixteen years old he was sent to West Point to 
receive a military education. 

He graduated at West Point and was regarded 
as a fine scholar. He graduated just at the 
breaking out of the Mexican War, and served 
during the war in the capacity of a second lieu- 
tenant. After the Mexican War was over he was 
promoted to a captain's place in the U. S. service, 
and was sent on an exploring expedition to 
Oregon and Washington Ter. After this, dur- 
ing the Crimean war, he was selected by the 
government to go to Europe and witness the pro- 
gress of that war and take notes of any im- 
provements in the methods of conducting a cam- 
paign. He returned unharmed and rendered 
a report to the government of what he had wit- 
nessed. Whether this report was of any value to 
the government we do not know. 

Captain McClellan resigned his place in the 
U. S. army and became identified with railroad 
enterprises. When the rebellion broke out he 
was president of the Ohio & Mississippi railroad. 



-299- 

In the whirlwind of excitement which followed 
the capture of Ft. Sumpter Governor Dennison, 
who had become quite intimate with Capt. 
McClellan in railroad business, telegraphed him 
to come to Columbus and advise with him in re- 
gard to the military organization of the Ohio Volun- 
teers. He was urged by the Governor to enter the 
service and whilst considering the matter he was 
appointed Major General of volunteers in Ohio. 
And then May 14, 1861, by the suggestion of his 
Ohio friends and Gen. Scott, he was appointed 
Major General by the war department. John C. 
Fremont was promoted to the same rank the same 
day. Maj. General McClellan was assigned to a 
command embracing Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. 
The new general entered the service evidently 
with conservative views about the conduct of the 
war and this was what led him into very serious mis- 
takes, that hampered him in his military operations, 
such as that agreement entered into with Gen. 
Buckner, Inspector General, and Gov. Magoffin, 
of Kentucky, that Kentucky soil was to be re- 
garded as neutral ground. Here are the terms of 
agreement page 280 (O. in the War.) 



— soo— 

This agreement prevented him from making a 
direct attack on the Confederate army. He was 
compelled either to go down towards Memphis or 
up the Ohio river to West Virginia to get at the 
Confederate army in Tennessee. But fortunately 
this mistake was speedily corrected by the author- 
ities at Washington. Gen. McClellan was a 
splendid organizer and soon he had a well organ- 
ized army, but he had not the tact of handling a 
large army to advantage. The reason for the 
long period of inactivity of the Army of the 
Potomac has never been given to the public, and 
the true reason can now only be a matter of con- 
jecture. President Lincoln became very impa- 
tient with the inactivity of the army, and said to 
a friend, "If Gen. McClellen does not want to 
use the army of the Potomac I would like to 
borrow it of him." It was fully eighteen months 
from the time of the organization of the army of 
the Potomac before it did any effectual work, and 
then only after receiving orders from Washington. 
Whilst Gen. McClellan was a great success as an 
organizer he failed in the results of an active 
campaign. He was, doubtless, a truly loyal man 



to the U. S. government, but so thoroughly con- 
servative in his nature that he became inactive 
on the field. 

WM. S. ROSECRANS 

Was born in Delaware county, O., Sept. 6, 1819. 
His father was a German from Amsterdam. In 
early life he was very fond of books and soon 
mastered all the branches that were taught in the 
common schools of his neighborhood. He sought 
an appointment as a cadet at West Point, and after 
many fruitless efforts at length got the appoint- 
ment. After his graduation he entered the U. S. 
army as 2d Lieutenant, and was in the department 
of practical engineering, and then for a time post 
Quarter-master. After he had been promoted to 
the dignity of a captain in the army he resigned 
and entered into business as an architect. He 
engaged in various callings. When the war of 
the rebellion broke out he was the president of a 
coal oil company, but immediately determined to 
offer his services to the government. May 16, 
1 86 1, he was commissioned Brigadier-General in 
the U. S. army. He was detailed by Gen. 



— SO£i- 

McClellan to select camping ground near Cincin- 
nati for Ohio Volunteers. He selected and laid 
out Camp Dennison, near Cincinnati. He was 
soon appointed to active service in West Virginia. 
Here he distinguished himself as an able comman- 
der. He remained in West Virginia nearly one 
year. He was sent to West Tennessee, to assist 
Gen. Pope at Corinth. He did good service in a 
series of battles in West Tennessee and Missis- 
sippi. He was promoted to a Major General, and 
appointed commander of a corps. 

But he did not remain here long because of a 
misunderstanding between him and Gen. Halleck. 
Gen. Rosecrans was independent and often very 
sarcastic in his reports. The last great battle in 
which he was commander-in-chief was the battle 
at Chicamauga. He has been severely criticised 
for the disastrous results of that battle. How far 
he was to blame for the defeat I will not take upon 
myself to say. But in justice to Gen Rosecrans it 
must be said that he was one of the most indus- 
trious generals in the army, and did much to 
break the back of the rebellion. After the war 
was over he retired from military service to pri- 



— 303— 

vate life, making his home in California. He 
has been honored with an election to Congress. 

ULYSSES S. GRANT, 

The son of a humble but honest and highly re- 
spected tanner, from obscurity and poverty arose 
to occupy the highest place in the gift of 
the people. The military career of Gen. 
Grant stands not only before the nation, but before 
the civilized nations of the earth — wonderful, 
unequaled, without a compeer? 

Ulysses Simpson Grant was born April 27, 
1822, in a small one-story house still standing at 
the village of Point Pleasant, in Clermont county, 
Ohio. Young Grant gave evidence of great tact 
and courage in early life. He was fond of train- 
ing colts when a small boy. His school mates 
say that without any efforts on his part he always 
became a leader in their games and plays. He 
worked with his father at the tanning business. 
He was a boy of most excellent habits, industri- 
ous, saving, temperate, strictly moral and honest. 
When eighteen years old he had but little educa- 
tion. His father made applioation to Hon. 



— 304r- 

Thomas L. Hamer for a place for his son at West 
Point. It so happened that Hamer had appointed 
another young man, who had failed in his exam- 
ination for admission. The failure of this young 
man made a vacancy for young Grant. He 
passed the examination and was appointed. July 
i, 1839, U. S. Grant commenced his course at 
West Point. He was a diligent student ; he ex- 
celled only in two branches, mathematics and in 
military engineering. After he graduated he was 
appointed 2d Lieutenant in U. S. army, and sta- 
tioned at St. Louis, Mo. 

At the breaking out of the war with Mexico he 
was sent to Mexico with his regiment to take 
part in the contest. He made for himself a most 
excellent record that was of great service to him 
in the beginning of our late war. After the term- 
ination of the Mexican war he received a captain's 
commission and was ordered to Oregon. Here 
he spent several years. But, desiring to be with 
his family, he resigned his place in the army and 
returned to St. Louis, Mo. 

He moved to the country and tried farming but 
failed. Next he embarked in buying and selling 



-30S- 

wood in the city. In this he utterly failed. He 
labored hard with his hands to get bread and 
meat for the support of his family. He now 
moved into the city and tried auctioneering and 
then did something in the real estate business ; 
and finally collecting for merchants. He was too 
poor to rent an office. A Mr. Hillyer seeing he 
had no office, gave him desk room in his own 
office, for which favor Capt. Grant was very 
grateful. In the meantime Grant's father had 
prospered greatly, and seeing that army life had 
almost incapacitated his son for business, resolved 
to help him by establishing a leather store at 
Galena, 111. The store was carried on in the 
name of Grant & Sons. Ulysses, as he was 
called, got right down to business and the firm 
prospered. When the War of the Rebellion 
broke out Capt. Grant was doing a moderately 
profitable business as a leather dealer. The news 
came that Fort Sumpter had been attacked. One 
who was present relates that "he laid down the 
paper containing the account of the bom- 
bardment, walked around the counter and drew 
on his coat, saying, T will help to the best of 



—306- 

my ability to put down this wicked rebellion.'" 
As soon as he could get authority he com- 
menced recruiting a company, and then went to 
Springfield, 111., with company and there drilled 
a number of volunteer companies. Soon he 
received the appointment of Adjutant General of 
the State, and went to work in organizing the 
various companies into regiments. 

In June, 1861, Governor Yates appointed him 
Colonel of the 21st 111. Regiment. He entered 
the field as a Colonel, but Aug. 9, 1861, he was 
commissioned a Brigadier General. The new 
General was ordered to take command of the Ohio 
and Mississippi district (or river district). He 
soon showed his ability as a military commander. 
His increasing popularity brought out the envy of 
aspiring army officers. Most damaging stories 
about his intemperate habits were put in circula- 
tion, doubtless with a view to check his promo- 
tion in the army. The slander was carried to 
President Lincoln for a purpose, but he, perceiv- 
ing the object, and having examined into the 
charge, was convinced that it had no foundation 
in truth. When the charge was made he, in his 



— 307- 

humorous way, inquired, "Sir, can you tell me 
what kind of liquor Gen. Grant uses. I would 
like to find out so that I can send some of the 
other generals some of the same quality." The 
writer had some of the best opportunities to know 
something of the habits of Gen. Grant. He was 
frequently sent by Governor Tod with messages 
to Gen. Grant, and was in his presence and con- 
versed with him frequently. Allow me to say 
that there was no evidence in the appearance or 
conduct of Gen. Grant that indicated in the least 
intemperate habits. I was personally acquainted 
with Gen. Bowers, his Adjutant, the most inti- 
mate member of Gen. Grant's staff. He assured 
me on several occasions that Gen. Grant did not 
use intoxicating drinks at all. The testimony of 
Gen. Bowers, I think, ought to settle this question 
forever. The story had its foundation in envy. 
Gen. Grant was also a pure man. 

BENJAMIN F. BUTLER 

Distinguished himself as a brave, uncompromising 
Union man during the war. When in command 
at New Orleans he demonstrated his ability not 



— S08- 

only to command an army but also to govern and 
control the people. It is said New Orleans was 
never so well governed before or since. He 
rendered valuable service to the nation during 
the pendancy of the war. He was born at Deer- 
field, N. H., in 1818. He has served as a mem- 
ber of Congress from Massachusetts. He ranks 
as Major General. 

EDWARD R. S. CANBY 

Served most of the time during the war in the 
extreme South-west. He did good service for his 
country. After the close of the war he was 
treacherously killed by the Modoc Indians, when 
in command at Oregon. He was born in Ken- 
tucky, 1 819. Was killed in Oregon in 1873. 
He ranked as Major General. 

JOHN C. FREMONT 

Was not eminently successful as a military man, 
yet he did good service for his country. He 
was honored as a member of Congress from Cali- 
fornia. He was born at Savannah, Ga., in 18 13. 



-309— 
WINFIELD S. HANCOCK 

Was an eminent officer in the Union army. He 
served his country well. ' He was regarded as one 
of the handsomest officers in the army. He was 
born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1824; died in 1882. 
He ranked as Major General. 

H. W. HALLECK 

Was connected with the regular military service of 
the United States most of his lifetime. He was born 
in New York in 1815; died at Louisville, Ky., 
in 1872. He ranked as Major General. 

OLIVER O. HOWARD 

Distinguished himself as a skillful military man 
during the war. He was born in Majne. He 
ranked as Major General. 

PHILIP KERNEY 

Was an officer in the army most of his lifetime 
and stood high as a man of ability. He was born 
in New York in 181 5 ; died during the war. He 
ranked as Major General. 



— 310— 
NATHANIEL LYON 

Was one of the Nation's best men. He was brave 
and true. He fell in battle at Wilson's Creek, 
Mo. He was born in Connecticut, 1819. He 
ranked as Brigadier General. 

JOHN A. LOGAN 

Was acknowledged to be one of the Nation's 
most skillful and brave soldiers. He took an 
active part in many battles and skirmishes during 
the war. He was honored as U. S. Senator by 
his state. He was a man of fine ability. He 
was born in Illinois in 1826; died in 1886. He 
ranked as Major General. 

ERWIN MCDOWELL 

Was in the regular military service of United States. 
He took an active part in putting down the rebel- 
ion. He was born in Ohio in 18 18; died 1880. 
He ranked as Major General. 

GEO. G. MEADE 

Distinguished himself as commander-in-chief at 
the battle of Gettysburg. The victory gained 



—311— 

here had much to do with the speedy close of the 
war. He stood high in the army. He was 
born of American parents in Spain, in 1815 ; died 
in 1872. He ranked as Major General. 

ORMSBY M. MITCHELL 

Entered the army soon after the breaking out of 
the war, but died soon with the yellow fever. 
He stood high as a scholar. He was born in 
Kentucky in 1810; died in 1862. He was a 
Major General. 

JOHN A. M'CLERNAND 

Did good service during the war. He was born 
in Kentucky, in 1824. He ranks as Major 
General. 

RICHARD J. OGLESBV 

Made a good record in the army during the war. 
He was born in Kentucky, in 1824. He is the 
honored Governor of Illinois. He ranks as Major 
General. 

GEN. OSTERHAUS 

Was one of those patriotic Germans that came 
over from the fatherland to aid the Government 



—312— 

in putting down the rebellion. He did good 
service. He is dead. 

GENERAL M'PHERSON. 

It is true what Whitelaw Reid says in regard to 
Gen. McPherson. "No name is held in more 
affectionate remembrance by the people of Ohio 
than that of Gen. McPherson." He had not, it 
is true, achieved any great victory, but he was 
one of our rising generals. He possessed, in an 
eminent degree, the elements of a great man. 
The soldiers under him saw in him a prudent, 
far seeing and skillful officer, destined to occupy 
a high position at no distant day had he lived. 
In the midst of a brilliant life he fell in battle. 
His death was deplored in the army as a great 
loss to the service, and by the people of Ohio as 
a great public calamity. James B. McPherson 
was born near Clyde, Ohio, November 14, 1828. 
His parents were highly respected people, though 
poor. Young McPherson assisted his father on 
the farm for a time. Being very desirous of 
obtaining an education, he first went to the vil- 
lage of Green Springs, where he did work in a 



-313—. 

store evenings and mornings to pay his board, to 
enable him to attend school. From here he went 
to West Point, where he graduated in due time. 
His classmates at West Point were Sill, Tyler, 
Tenell, Sheridan and Hood. He stood at the 
head of his class. So highly were his attain- 
ments rated, that instead of being sent out on 
duty, he was retained at the institution as Adjunct 
professor of Practical Engineering, in which posi- 
tion he remained for several years. There are 
many interesting things connected with the career 
of this amiable young man that we would be glad 
to note had we the space. He had been assigned 
to duty in the regular army at Sai Francisco, but 
Gen. Halleck desired his services, and November 
12, 1861, he was commissioned Lieutenant Colo- 
nel, and for a time he performed the duties of 
chief engineer. Here in the battle at Corinth 
was the first handling of troops in battle by Gen. 
McPherson. His skill in handling his division 
during this battle illustrated his ability, . and he 
soon received the commission of Brigadier Gen- 
eral. After several successful battles and skirm- 
ishes, he, with his division, hastened to Memphis 



• _314— 

that he might assist Gen. Grant in the capture of 
Vicksburg. February 23, 1863, he left Memphis 
with his command in excellent order to assist 
Gen. Grant in the bombardment of Vicksburg. 
Had we space we would most gladly present the 
facts in regard to Gen. McPherson's important 
part in the capture of Vicksburg, the Confederate 
stronghold. He took an important part with 
Generals Grant and Sherman in planning the raid 
to Savannah, afterwards executed under the com- 
mand of General Sherman. The writer had per- 
sonal knowledge of the part Gen. McPherson 
took in selecting, instructing and sending the two 
female spies that were put through the Union 
lines at Memphis, to go as near the proposed 
line of march to Savannah as possible and return, 
bringing such information as they might be able 
to collect. These two female spies returned and 
reported to Gen. Grant at Chattanooga just before 
Gen. Sherman started for Atlanta. These two 
female spies, to which we have referred in anoth- 
er place, doubtless furnished information that was 
of great value to the Union army. Gen. McPher- 
son, with his brigade, accompanied the Sherman 



—313— 

expedition, and his ability as a successful military 
commander was demonstrated in the several en- 
gagements in which he took part in the neighbor- 
hood of Atlanta before he fell. 

The following is Gen. Sherman's official an- 
nouncement to the army of the death of Gen. 
McPherson : 

In the field near Atlanta, Ga. , July 20, 1864. 

"It is my painful duty to report that Brigadier 
General James B. McPherson, U. S. Army, 
Major General of Volunteers, and commander of 
the army of the Tennessee in the field, was killed 
by a shot from ambuscade about noon yesterday. 
At the time of the fatal shot he was on horseback, 
placing his troops in position near the city of 
Atlanta, and was passing by a cross- road from a 
moving column toward the flank of troops that 
had already been established on the line. He 
had quitted me but for a few minutes before, and 
was on his way to see in person to the execution 
of my orders. * * * Not his loss, but the 
country and the army will mourn his death and 
cherish his memory as that of one who, though 
comparatively young, had risen by his merit and 



—316- 

ability to the command of one of the best armies 
which the Nation had called in existence to vindi- 
cate its honor and integrity. * * * Those 
whom he commanded loved him even to idolatry, 
and I, his associate and commander, fail in words 
adequate to express my opinion of his great worth. 
I feel assured that every patriot in America, on 
hearing this sad news, w'll feel a sense of personal 
loss, and the county generally will realize that 
we have lost, not only an able military leader, 
but a man who, had he survived, was qualified to 
heal the National strife which has been raised by 
designing and ambitious men." 

W. T. Sherman. 

His body was sent to his home at Clyde, Ohio, 
and is buried on a beautiful knoll north of the 
town. Many continue to visit his grave and 
shed tears of regret. 

GENERAL SHERMAN 

Took an important part in crushing the late rebel- 
lion. He was born at Lancaster, Ohio, February 
8, 1820. His father was a'man who was highly 
esteemed, and was a judge of the Supreme Court 



-317— 

when he died. He left a family of eleven de. 
pendent children. William Tecumseh was the 
sixth, and was reared by Hon. Thomas Ewing. 
He was kindly cared for by the Ewing family. 
He received a good common school education in 
the schools of Lancaster. He was an upright, 
honest, industrious boy. In his seventeeth year 
he was sent by Thomas Ewing to West Point, and 
in four years he graduated. Soon after his grad- 
uation he was appointed Second Lieutenant in 
the army, and sent to Florida, where he took 
part in th*e Seminole Indian war. After serving 
in the army thirteen years, he resigned his com- 
mission and retired to private li e. He embarked 
in business, but did not succeed well. Then he 
studied law and practiced for a short time at the 
bar, but he did not meet with success, so in dis- 
gust he left the practice of law. He now was 
offered a professorship in a military academy in 
Louisiana, which he gladly accepted. He re- 
mained connected with this school until the 
Louisiana Legislature passed the ordinance of 
secession. He was urged by his many Southern 
friends to remain in the South and cast his lot in 



—318— 

with them, but this he declined most emphatically 
to do. The following is a copy of his letter of resig- 
nation, addressed to the Governor of Louisiana : 

"Sir — As I occupy a military position under 
this State, I deem it proper to acquaint you with 
the fact that I accepted such position when Louis- 
iana was a State of the Union, and when the 
motto of the academy, inscribed in mar-ble over 
the main door, was — 'By the liberality of the 
general government of the United States. The 
Union esto perpetua.' Recent events foreshadow a 
great change, and it becomes all men to choose. 
If Louisiana withdraws from the Federal Union, 
I prefer to maintain my allegiance to the old Con- 
stitution as long as a fragment survives. My 
longer stay here would be wrong in every sense 
of the word. I beg you to take immediate steps 
to relieve me of my appointment, for on no 
earthly account will I do any act or think any 
thought hostile to or in defiance of the old gov- 
ernment of the United States." 

After he was relieved in Louisiana he settled at 
St. Louis, Mo. He went into business for a short 
time, but soon he resolved to offer his services to 



-819- 

the government. He was commissioned a Colo- 
nel in June, 1862, and was rapidly promoted 
until he had received the highest commission in 
the gift of the Government. General Sherman 
was an impottant factor in crushing the rebellion. 

MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES A. GARFIELD. 

James A Garfield was born in Cuyahoga coun- 
ty, Ohio, twelve miles from Cleveland, Novem- 
ber 19, 1 83 1. He was the youngest of four 
orphan children, the father having died when 
James was but two years old. A little farm with 
a cabin was the inheritance of the family at the 
death of the father. By industry and strict 
economy the family was raised. James, with his 
older brothers, worked on the farm during the 
summer season, and during the winter attended 
district school. At the age of seventeen he 
secured employment as a driver on the Ohio 
canal. He soon arose from a driver on the tow- 
path to the position of a boatsman. After suffer- 
ing much with fever and ague, he abandoned the 
canal, and now for a little while he worked at the 
carpenter trade. He tells us he had now partly 



— 320- 

made up his mind to become a sailor. But he 
now met with a young man who induced him to 
enter Geauga Academy. Being too poor to pay 
for regular boarding, he carried with him from 
home a frying pan and a few necessary dishes, 
and a few books. He, with a companion, 
rented a room in an old frame house, because it 
cost but a trifle. He went to work, studying 
English Grammar, Geography, Algebra, Natural 
Philosophy, &c. He sought for employment 
among the carpenters of the neighborhood, and 
obtained work, so he spent evenings, mornings 
and Saturdays working at his trade, and in this 
way made enough to pay his way at school. He 
had now a thirst for education, and determined- 
to pursue his studies at all hazards. Suffice it 
to say, he succeeded in not only getting a colle- 
giate education, but he became a profound scholar. 
He served for a time as a professor of a college, 
then was elected to the State Senate. From the 
Ohio Senate he entered the army as a Colonel, 
and soon was promoted to brigadier generalship. 
He served faithfully in the army, and did good 
service. While in the service, without any solici- 



tation on his part, he was elected to Congress. 
It was thought that he could accomplish more for 
the Nation in Congress than in the field. In 
Congress he soon took high rank. His services 
as a member of the Committee on Military 
Affairs were of great value to the Nation. Gen- 
eral Garfield's career culminated in his triumphant 
election as President of the United States. He 
entered upon the discharge of the duties of his 
high office, but was soon stricken down by the 
hand of a vile assassin. He died, lamented by 
the Nation. 

MAJOR-GENERAL PHIL. H. SHERIDAN. 

Philip H. Sheridan was born March 6, 1831, 
in Summerset, Perry County, Ohio. His parents 
were recent emigrants from Northern Ireland. 
This future general had a remarkable boyhood. 
Whitelaw Reid, in his valuable book "Ohio in 
the War," gives us an amusing anecdote of the 
boy Phil. Sheridan. The elements of the future 
general were inherent in the boy. Phil., in his 
early boy days, went to school at Summerset to a 
genial Irishman by the name of Pat. McNanly, 



-322- 

"who believed that the intelligence morality and 
happiness of the scholars depended upon a liberal 
use of the birch." The story runs thus: One 
terribly cold morning during the winter of 1843, 
two of Patrick's scholars got to the school house 
a little ahead of time. They crawled through the 
window into the school house. A bucket full of 
ice water stood there and tempted them to trick 
the teacher. They fastened it in some way over 
the door in such a manner that the opening of the 
door would tilt it upon the head of any one enter- 
ing. They retired to watch results from a neigh- 
boring haymow. Patrick soon came trotting 
along, rubbing his hands vigorously to keep them 
warm. He hurriedly turned the key and entered 
just in time to receive the bucket of water as it 
turned over on his head. It is not a stretch to 
say his Celtic blood was brought to a fever heat 
by this chilling dose. His situation was a pitia- 
ble one. There was not a boy about that he 
could flog. He looked all around, inside and 
outside ; there wasn't a soul to be seen. So in 
his wrath he armed himself with a gad, built on a 
rousing fire, and sat down to dry himself, fully 



-323- 

determined to chastise the first boy that entered. 
An unfortunate little fellow soon came in. Pat- 
rick immediately seized him by the collar and 
shook him fiercely, to shake the truth out of him. 
The astonishment and yells of the boy convinced 
Patrick that he was innocent. Placing himself 
by the fire again, soon another boy came in and 
was put through the same operation, and so the 
next ; and when nearly all the boys of the school 
were shaken and pushed into their seats, our two 
youngsters climed down from the haymow, en- 
tered the school room as innocent as lambs. 
They got their shaking and went to their studies. 
It happened that little Phil. Sheridan was late that 
morning, and as each one had proved his inno- 
cence, the presumption became the stronger 
against the few that were left to be suspected. 
Finally Phil, came, the last and, of course, the 
guilty one, thought Patrick, if all the rest are 
innocent. Just as he opened the door the teacher 
made a dive for him. Phil, dodged and com- 
menced a retreat. Patrick thought that good 
evidence of his guilt, and pursued. Away went 
Philip up the street, the teacher after him, bare 



-324- 

headed, stick in hand, the whole school bringing 
up the rear, all on the run. Phil, lost a little on 
the home stretch, and by the time Mr. Sheridan's 
house was reached, the pursuer was too close to 
let him shut the gate. On he went for the back 
yard ! Here Phil, got help in the shape of a large 
Newfoundland pet dog. The dog instantly made 
an attack on Patrick's flank and rear. Patrick 
mounted the fence, so did Phil. The dog kept 
snapping at Patrick's heels. He soon discovered 
that it was safest for him to climb an apple tree 
near at hand. He was out of breath and found 
himself outflanked. "Take away your devilish 
dog, Phil., or I'll bate the life out of ye." "Like 
to see you do that," said Phil. "Watch him, 
Rover," and with that he got an old piece of car- 
pet and laid it under the tree for the dog to sit on 
whilst watching. The dog laid down on it, and 
Phil, mounted the fence again, where he sat con- 
templating the condition of things with his chin 
resting on his hand. "What do you want to lick 
me for ?" inquired Phil. "What did ye throw 
the water on me for ?" was the answer. "I didn't 
throw any water on you." "You did, though, 



-326- 

for none of the other boys did, and I'll punish 
you severely if you don't let me down from this 
tree." "Why don't you come down ?" inquired 
Phil. Patrick started down, but Rover went for 
his feet. The teacher retreated up the tree again, 
calling loudly for Phil's father. The noise soon 
brought Mr. Sheridan out. The teacher up the 
tree, the dog growling at him, Phil, on the fence, 
and the whole school standing around, was too 
funny a scene to be dismissed without explana- 
tion. "What are you doing in that apple tree, 
Mr. McNanly?" asked Mr. Sheridan. "Ah! 
that divilish boy of yours, Misthur Sheridan, will 
be the death of me yet. It is all his doin's, sir ; 
he poured a whole bucket of water on me this 
morning, and when I went to give him a decent 
ripromand, he ran away, and for the sake of the 
desipline of the school, I went to catch him. He 
got that big baiste of a dog of yours after me, and 
I had to climb this tree to defend myself." "I 
didn't throw any water at all," said Phil. "All I 
know about it, he fell on whipping me this morn- 
ing before I got fairly into the school house." 
The old gentleman probably enjoyed the fun, 



-326- 

and not being very certain that his boy deserved 
a whipping, suggested that the matter be dropped 
for the present. 

"Let him go without a flogging, Mr. Sheridan? 
Sure it'll ruin the school to do that now. Just 
look at them ; see how they're laughing at me." 
The old gentleman commenced calling the dog, 
but the dog looked at Phil, and would not stir. 
"Take away your devilish dog or I'll bate the life 
out of ye both intirely," shouted Patrick. "Bet- 
ter come down first," Phil, suggested. "Watch 
him, Rover." "But I will tell you what I will 
do," he added after a pause ; "if you won't whip 
me I'll call him off. He won't go if father calls 
all day." Patrick argued, protested and threat- 
ened, but all in vain. He found that the terms 
were unconditional. The hot race and the cold 
bath had got him into a terrible chill. The long- 
er he talked the colder he got, for it was a Janu- 
ary morning. Finally he said: "I'll tell you 
what I'll do if you will call off that baste. I'll 
not flog you this time; indade I won't." 
"Why did you not say so at first?" said Phil. 
"Come away, Rover." He obeyed his master 



-327- 

and came away, and down came the teacher, 
almost too much chilled to get back to the school 
house. This was the first surrender to Sheridan. 
This indicates something of the elements out of 
which the future general was made. 

He graduated at West Point, and rendered the 
usual service to the government, mostly in the far 
West, until the breaking out of the rebellion. 
He entered into the defense of the government 
with great energy, and acquitted himself with 
honor. His career as a calvary officer was most 
brilliant, and his activity towards the close of the 
war has no parallel. From May 5, 1864, to 
April 9, 1865, there were seventy -six battles 
fought by troops under his command. He par- 
ticipated in the greater part of these battles per- 
sonally. The history of these seventy-six battles 
embraces much of the cavalry operations of the 
war. We claim for General Sheridan distinction 
in the calvary services not surpassed by any an- 
cient or modern calvary officer. 

He has been severely criticised for the part he 
took in burning property in the Shenandoah 
valley. Without attempting to justify General 



—328— 

Sheridan in what he did in the Shenandoah 
valley, we may say he was simply carrying out 
the orders of the war department. To make the 
best of it, the demands of war are cruel, and often 
result in great wrong to innocent parties. Gen- 
eral Sheridan tells us that his great aim was to do 
all he could to end the war as speedily as possi- 
ble, and he thought by burning the property in 
the valley it would render it impossible for the 
Confederate army to occupy the valley again, and 
this would do much to end the war. 

General Sheridan has the name of being a very 
humane, kind-hearted, conservative man. 



CONFEDERATE GENERALS. 



CHAPTER XII. 
The following named officers Vere among the 
leading commanders in the Confederate army ; 
most of whom were educated by the U. S Gov- 
ernment at her military institutions : 

P. T. G. BEAUREGARD 

Was one of the first to enter the Confederate 
service. He was born in New Orleans, La., in 
1818. He continued in the service with but 
little interruption until the end of the war. He 
was a Brigadier General. He was a graduate of 
West Point. 

BRAXTON BRAGG, 

Who became a Major General, was born some- 
where in North Carolina in 181 5, and was one of 
the most active Confederate Generals. He did 
not "die in the last ditch," but survived the 
war and died at Galveston, Texas, in 1875. He 
graduated at West Point. 



— S30- 

J. C. BRECKENRIDGE 

Served as Vice President of the United States 
under the administration of Buchanan. He was 
born near Lexington, Ky. He was a brilliant 
man and might have occupied a still higher place 
had he remained loyal to the government. He 
became a Brigadier General in the Confederate 
army. He died at his home in Kentucky a few 
years ago. 

GOV. BUCKNER 

Entered the Confederate military service early in 
the war, but was soon captured and held as a 
prisoner of war for quite a while. He had but 
little opportunity to distinguish himself as a Gen- 
eral. He was born in Kentucky in 1826. In 
1887 was elected Governor of Kentucky. 

JEFFERSON DAVIS 

Served as a cabinet officer under President 
Pierce, and afterwards as a U. S. Senator until 
the breaking out of the war. He became one of 
the most prominent leaders in the rebellion, and 
served as President of the Confederacy during its 



—331— 

existence. He was always regarded as a man of 
ability, but a bitter partisan in politics. He was 
born on a farm in Christian County, Ky. , 1808. 
Before the war he had a beautiful rural home on 
a peninsula formed by the Mississippi river, 
about 45 miles below Vicksburg, Miss., called 
the "Davis Bend." 

JUBAL A. EARLY 

Distinguished himself as one of the most energetic 
of the Confederate generals. He arose to become 
a Major-General. He was born in Virginia, 
181 5. He graduated at West Point. 

RICHARD S. BUELL 

Was doubtless a commander of considerable 
ability. He became a Lieutenant-General. He 
was born in the District of Columbia in 1820; 
died in Springfield, Tenn., in 1872. 

WADE HAMPTON 

Was a secessionist "dyed in the wool." Became 
a Lieutenant General ; was elected Governor of 
South Carolina; is now serving as U. S. Senator. 
He was born at Columbia, S. C, 1818. 



-332— 

WILLIAM J. HARDEE. 

He left the U. S. army at the beginning of the 
war and entered the Confederate army at once. 
He became a Brigadier-General. He was born 
at Savannah, Ga. , 1818, and died at Wytheville, 
Va., in 1873. He graduated at West Point. 

DANIEL H. HILL 

Was a man of ability, and became a General in 
the Confederate army early in the war. He was 
born in South Carolina in 1822. 

AMBROSE P. HILL 

Was regarded as one of the most brilliant young 
officers in the Confederate army. He was born 
in Culpeper County, Va. , in 1825, and killed in 
battle at Petersburg, Va. , in 1865. Just before the 
close of the war he fell. He graduated at West 
Point. 

JOHN B. HOOD 

Was a man of considerable military skill. He 
became a Lieutenant-General ; was born in Ken- 
tucky in 1826. He graduated at West Point. 



—333— 



BENJAMIN HUGER. 



He was not very prominent during the war, yet 
he ranked as Major-General. He was born at 
Charleston, South Carolina, in 1808. He grad- 
uated at West Point. 

THOMAS J. JACKSON 

Was sometimes called "Stonewall Jackson" for 
the reason that he used a stone wall or fence 
as breastworks during several battles. He was a 
wonderfully active and dashing commander. He 
had almost unlimited influence over his troops. 
He was said to be a very religious man. He 
ranked as Lieutenant-General. He was born at 
Clarksburg, Va., 1824. Was killed, it is sup- 
posed, by his own men during the battle at Chan- 
cellorsville, Va. His death was an irreparable 
loss to the Confederate army. 

ALBERT S. JOHNSTON. 

Was one of the ablest Generals in the Confederate 
army. He was born in Mason county, Ky. , in 
1803 ; was killed in the battle at Shiloh in 1862. 
He doubtless would have distinguished himself 



_as4— 

as one of the most gallant officers in the Confed- 
erate army had he lived. He was a graduate of 
West Point. 

JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 

He was regarded as next to General Lee in 
ability. He was the last Confederate General to 
surrender. He surrendered April 24, 1865. He 
was born in Prince Edward County, Va. , in 1807. 
He graduated at West Point. 

GEO. W. C. LEE 

Was one of the youngest generals in the Confed- 
erate army. He was born in Virginia in 1833. 
He graduated at West Point. 

FITZ HUGH LEE. 

He was a dashing young General, born in Vir- 
ginia in 1835. Graduated at West Point. 

ROBERT E. LEE 

Was a man of acknowledged ability as a military 
chieftain. At the breaking out of the war there 
was evidently a great conflict in his own mind as 
to the course he ought to pursue. There were 



—335- 

many considerations that would have disposed 
him to cast his lot with the Union side. But he 
had imbibed the doctrine of State Rights, and 
when Virginia, his native State, resolved to go 
out of the Union, he tells us, "he felt that it was 
his duty to go with his State." Thus exalting 
his duty to his State above his duty to the gen- 
eral government, that had educated and honored 
him, he went out and immediately became the 
leader of the Confederate army, and thus ignor- 
ing his cherished State Rights ideas. There is an 
inconsistency here in regard to State Rights on the 
part of such men that we have never been able to 
reconcile — believing in State Rights, yet fighting 
for the consolidated Confederacy. He was Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Confederate army, em- 
bracing eleven States, all united under one gen- 
eral government. Each State did not set up a 
military defense for itself. He was born in Staf- 
ford County, Va., 1807, died at Lexington, Va. , 
1870. He surrendered the army under his com- 
mand to General Grant at Appomatox Court 
House April 9, 1865. General Lee cherished a 
high "regard not only for General Grant as a 



—336- 

military man, but also as a man of great moral 
worth. We have been told that he would in- 
stantly chide his fellow officers when they would 
speak disparagingly of General Grant. 

JAMES LONGSTREET 

Became very prominent in the Confederate army, 
and may justly be classed as one of the leading 
generals of the rebellion. He ranked as Lieuten- 
ant General. He was born in South Carolina in 
1820. He graduated at West Point. 

BENJAMIN M'CULLOCH 

Was a dashing commander, without much real 
ability as a military man. He ranked as Major- 
General. He was born in Tennessee in 1814; 
was killed in a battle at Pea Ridge, Ark., March 
7, 1862. 

GENERAL PEMBERTON 

Resigned his command in the U. S. army at the 
breaking out of the war, and immediately entered 
the Confederate army. He commanded the Con- 
federate troops at Vicksburg, Miss., and surren- 
dered to General Grant July 4, 1863. He was a 
graduate of West Point. 



-337— 
LEONADAS POLK 

Had served for a number of years as a preacher 
of the gospel. At the breaking out of the war he 
laid aside his clerical robes and put on the 
uniform of a Confederate officer. He ranked as 
Major-General. He was born at Raleigh, N. C, 
1806. He was killed in a battle at Pine Moun- 
tain, Ga., 1864. He graduated at West Point. 

STERLING PRICE 

Was Governor of Missouri at the breaking out of 
the war. He entered the Confederate army, and 
became a Major-General. He was born in Prince 
Edwards County, Va., 1809; died at St. Louis, 
Mo., in 1867. 

KIRBY SMITH 

Was a man of ability, and was one of the leading 
commanders in the Confederate army. He 
ranked as Major-General. He was born at St. 
Augustine, Florida, in 1825. Graduated at West 
Point. 

JAMES E. B. STEWART. 

He was a brilliant man, and did much to pro- 
mote the interest of the Confederacy. He was 



-338- 



born in Virginia in 1832; was killed in a battle 
near Richmond, Va. , in 1864. 



EARL VAN DORN 

Rose to the rank of Major-General. Was born 
in Mississippi in 182 1 ; died in 1863. 

GENERAL SIBLEY 

Organized a Texan force of 3,000 troops and 
marched into New Mexico. It was related to 
me by an intelligent gentleman, who said he 
served as an officer on General Sibley's staff, that 
General Sibley was deeply imbued with State 
Right ideas, and it was his plan, when he organ- 
ized those 3,000 Texans into a little army, to 
march into New Mexico, capture New Mexico, 
Colorado, Indian Territory, Arizona, Southern 
California and a part of Texas, and then cut loose 
from the Southern Confederacy and form a South- 
western Confederacy. What foundation there 
was for this statement I cannot say. But he was 
met by Colonel Slough, with his Colorado regi- 
ment, and in a battle at Apacha, and also at 
Pigeon Ranch, his Texan army was overpowered 



—339— 

and his army supplies were captured, and his 
plans to form a South-western Confederacy scat- 
tered to the winds. General Sibley, with his 
shattered forces, retired to Texas. General Sib- 
ley graduated at West Point. 



MILITARY PRISONS OF THE NORTH AND SOUTH. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

THE UNION MILITARY PRISONS. 

There has been some controversy since the 
close of the war in regard to the treatment of 
Confederate prisoners of war in the northern 
military prisons. 

In isolated cases I have no doubt that individ- 
ual prisoners may have been mistreated by certain 
officials; but I am positive it was not a general 
thing, and I am sure that it was not approved by 
the government. I may be allowed to say that I 
was in a position during most of the time to know 
much about the treatment that the Confederate 
prisoners received at the hands of Union officers. 
I state what came under my own personal obser- 
vation at Camp Chase, located at Columbus, O. , 
at Camp Morton, located at Indianapolis, Ind., 
and also at the camp located on Johnson's Island. 
These camps were all very pleasantly and health- 
fully located. The best shelter and excellent 



—341— 

water in abundance was provided. The rations 
were the same as provided for the Union soldiers. 
The hospital arrangements for the sick were ample 
and the best of medical treatment, and kind 
nursing of the sick, was furnished. I conversed 
with many of the Confederate prisoners in the 
above camps, and they uniformly expressed 
themselves as satisfied with the treatment they 
received at the hands of those in charge of the 
prisons. The following is a specimen of the 
conversation I had with them : "How do you like 
prison life ?" "We do not relish it; yet we cannot 
complain of our treatment here. We have good 
shelter and plenty of excellent grub. But we 
would be glad to get back to Dixie again." 

I saw many thousands of Confederate prisoners 
but I never saw one in any northern military 
prison that seemed to be emaciated by starvation. 
The statistics show that the death rate among the 
Confederate prisoners in northern military prisons 
was comparatively small. What is true of the 
prison camps above referred to, I have good 
reason to believe to be true of all the northern 
prisons camps. If there were any cases of mis- 



—342— 

treatment of Confederate prisoners in northern 
military prisons I have no disposition even to 
apologize for such conduct, but those guilty of 
such inhuman conduct deserve the scorn of their 
fellow men who ever they may be. 

CONFEDERATE MILITARY PRISONS. 

One of the horrors of the war was prison life. 
Confined in the several prison camps located in 
the South were thousands of Union soldiers, cap- 
tured mostly in battle. One of the most promi- 
nent was located at Richmond, Va. , and another 
still larger was located at Andersonville, Ga. 
Several large tobacco houses at Richmond were 
utilized as prisons for captured Union soldiers. 
These buildings, not having been constructed for 
such purposes, were miserable abiding places for 
human beings. Not properly ventilated, and 
having no means of drainage, they became hot- 
beds for breeding diseases. Large numbers of 
Union soldiers sickened and died in these filthy 
prison pens. Adjunct to this was a prison camp, 
located on Belle Island, near Richmond. This 
island is formed by two arms of James river. 



_843— 

This camp is represented as having been very- 
disagreeable and unhealthy in its location. Dur- 
ing the summer season the prisoners were tortured 
with excessive heat. The island was nothing but 
a sand bank, and when heated up was like a 
blast furnace. The fleas and lice became almost 
as numerous as the lice of Egypt, and became the 
cause of intense suffering. During the winter 
season there was a lack of shelter, and the priso- 
ners suffered intensely from the elements. An- 
dersonville, Ga. , however, was the chief Confed- 
erate prison camp, located on the line of the 
Georgia and Macon railroad, in a sparsely settled 
region of the country, on a level piece of ground, 
with a swamp on one side and a small stream of 
water running through one end of the camp. 

The camp was not favorably located for health 
and comfort. The chief object of its location at 
this point was doubtless to put it where it 
it could not be easily reached by Union raids. 
This camp, to make the best of it, was a disgrace 
to the Confederacy. This is now freely admitted 
by many Southeners, with whom I have con- 
versed about the matter. How far the Confeder- 



—344— 

ate authorities were responsible for the inhuman 
treatment the Union prisoners received has not 
been settled. I do not rely wholly on the testi- 
mony of others in regard to the wretched condi- 
tion of the prisoners at Andersonville camp. I 
assisted in unloading a boat load of partially 
starved Union soldiers, who had been sent from 
Andersonville to Baltimore. Suffice it to say 
that the sight of these emaciated, starved soldiers, 
whose bodies were nothing but skin and bones, 
and many of them, through starvation, had be- 
come idiotic, still haunts me. There were sev- 
eral hundred of them placed in the hospitals at 
Baltimore. And many of Baltimore's ladies de- 
serve the thanks of the Nation for their kind 
attention to these, who may be called God's 
physically poor. One lady said to me, "that 
idiotic grin, I cannot get rid of it by day, or 
by night." 

We here introduce a few paragraphs from the 
pen of Sergeant H. M. Cline, an' honorable resi- 
dent of Logan county, Ohio, who served out two 
terms as sheriff of this county. What he says is 
entitled to full credit. He was a member of Co. 



— S4S — 

B. 45 O. V. I. regiment. His regiment was 
doing duty in Eastern Tennessee, where, on the 
20th of October, 1864, he, with others of his regi- 
ment, was taken prisoner and sent to Belle Island, 
a prison camp near Richmond, Va. He says: 
"For three weeks we had no tents, and only one 
blanket for six to sleep under ; the nights were 
now getting quite cold and others had no blanket 
even, and to keep from chilling to death were 
compelled to move about, and sometimes would 
actually fall over exhausted. Three weeks after 
we entered the prison camp we received tents, 
but the tents only accommodated a part of 
the prisoners Our food was scant, and of an 
inferior quality. " He says, "Constant additions 
were made to our numbers, and as winter came on 
it found the prison camp filled, and many a poor 
fellow had to lie out, exposed to the elements. 
There was intense suffering and many died from 
exposure during the winter in this prison camp. 
On account of the crowded condition of this camp 
it was ordered that a part of the prisoners should 
be sent to Andersonville, Ga. , for safe keeping. 
The place where this prison camp was located 



had been a dense forest of pine timber, but had 
been cut off to make the prison walls. The in- 
closure contained about fourteen or fifteen acres 
of land. A small creek ran through one end of 
it. The ground on each side of the creek was 
low, marshy soil; the water was constantly seep- 
ing through, and so soft that you could not walk 
over it without miring. This contributed to make 
the camp exceedingly unhealthy and disagree- 
able." 

Mr. Cline says that "the prison being so 
crowded the prisoners had to take up the last foot 
of this swamp land along the creek." Another 
says "that for a time the men were compelled to 
wade in the mud," but by and by the pressure 
caused the ground to become firm, and soon a 
spring seemed providentially to break out near 
what was called the dead line. The "dead line" 
was a line drawn about eighteen feet from the 
wall of the prison, and if any one would pass over 
that line towards the wall he was sure to be shot. 
We are told that quite a number lost their lives 
by not heeding the admonitions not to pass over 
the line. A man by the name of Henry Wirz 



—347— 

commanded the prison. He was born in the 
Republic of Switzerland, educated for a physician, 
and came to this country soon after the beginning 
of the rebellion, and at once identified himself 
with the Confederate cause. He was a small, 
very dark complected man, about forty years old. 

It was proven before a regular court that he 
caused the death of many prisoners. He was 
tried, convicted of murder at Andersonville, and 
on the ioth day of November, 1865, he was 
hung. 

The sufferings of the prisoners were beyond 
description, as Mr. Cline and others tell us. In 
speaking of the sick in the hospital he says : 
"There were brought to the hospital in Anderson- 
ville prison during the nine months of my con- 
nection with that institution 12,500 sick men, of 
which number 9,000 died." He says, 'T firmly 
believe that this prison was located and officered 
by men with the knowledge and design of de- 
stroying the lives of the prisoners." The day of 
final reckoning can only reveal the full measure 
of guilt and on whom it properly rests. 



WHAT THE WAR COST IN HUM/\N LIFE. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

Most of the wars recorded in ancient history do 
not begin to compare with the war of the rebel- 
lion in cost of treasure and life. Look over the 
dreadful figures, and consider the awful signifi- 
cance of the subjoined facts. Authentic reports 
show that near 3,000,000 men were mustered 
into the service of the government during the 
war. Most of our soldiers volunteered in re- 
sponse to the calls of President Lincoln. It is 
worthy of remark that 186,097 were colored men, 
who all volunteered. 

Reports show that the Union and Confederate 
soldiers met in more than a thousand battles, 
skirmishes and bombardments during the four 
years of war. It is said that in about 146 of 
these conflicts the Union loss was not less than 
500 in each, and in ten battles the Union loss was 
not less than 10,000 in each engagement. 

We give below what we believe to be a correct 



—349— 

statement of the combined losses of the Union 
and Confederate soldiers killed, wounded and 
missing in the following named battles and cam- 
paigns : At Shiloh there was a combined loss of 
about 24,000 men; at Antietam, 38,000; at Stone 
River, 37,000; at Chancellorsville, 28,000; at 
Gettysburg, 54,000; at Chickamaga, 33,000; 
during McClellan's peninsular campaign, 50,000; 
during Grant's wilderness campaign, 180,000; 
during Sherman's campaign from Chattanooga to 
Savannah, 125,000. We are amazed above meas- 
ure when we look at the sacrifice of human life 
to save the Union. 

Official reports show that on the Union side 
alone 44,238 were killed outright on the battle 
fields, 49,205 died of wounds received in battle, 
186,216 of different diseases, 24,184 died, the 
causes not known; add to this number 26,250 
who are known to have died in Confederate 
prisons. Here we have 330,093 whose deaths 
are accounted for ; then we have in the reports 
205,794 marked as missing. A large percentage 
of this number, no doubt, were killed and died, 
and besides these many died at their homes on 



furlough during the war, and since the war 
thousands have died from wounds received in the 
war and diseases contracted in camp. 

The Nation's dead are buried in seventy-three 
National cemeteries, of which only twelve are in 
the Northern States. Among the principal ones 
in the North are Cypress Hill, with its 3,786 
dead; Finn's Point, N. J., which contains the 
remains of 2,644 unknown dead; Gettysburg, 
Pa., with its 1,967 known and 1,698 unknown 
dead; Mound City, 111., with 2,205 known and 
2,721 unknown graves ; Philadelphia, with 1,909 
dead, and Woodlawn, Elmira, N. Y. , with its 
3,900 dead. 

In the South, near the scenes of terrible con- 
flicts, are located the largest depositories of the 
Nation's heroic dead : 

Arlington, Va., 16,264, of which 4,319 are un- 
known. 

Beaufort, S. C, 9,241, of which 4,493 are un- 
known. 

Chalmette, La., 12,511, of which 4,493 are 
unknown. 



—351— 

Chattanooga, Term., 12,962, of which 4,963 
are unknown. 

Fredericksburg, Va., 15,257, of which 12,770 
are unknown. 

Jefferson Barracks, Mo., 11,490, of which 
2,906 are unknown. 

Little Rock, Ark., 5,602, of which 2,337 are 
unknown. 

City Point, Va., 5,122, of which 1,374 are 
unknown. 

Marietta, Ga., 10,151, of which 2,963 are 
unknown. 

Memphis, Tenn., 13,997, of which 8,817 are 
unknown. 

Nashville, Tenn., 16,527, of which 4,700 are 
unknown. 

Poplar Grove, Va., 6,190, of which 4,001 are 
unknown. 

Richmond, Va. , 6,542, of which 5,700 are 
unknown. 

Salisbury, N. C, 12,126, of which 12,032 are 
unknown. 

Stone River, Tenn., 5,605, of which 288 are 
unknown. 



—352— 

Vicksburg, Miss., 16,600, of which 12,704 are 
unknown. 

Antietam, Va., 2,671, of which 1,818 are un- 
known. 

Winchester, Va., 4,559, of which 2,365 are 
unknown. 

Two cemeteries are mainly ' devoted to the 
brave men who perished in loathsome prisons — 
Andersonville, Ga., which contains 13, 7 14 graves, 
and Salisbury, with its 12,032 are unknown. 

Of the vast number who are interred in our 
National cemeteries, 275,000 sleep beneath the 
soil of the Southern States, and 145,000 rest in 
graves marked unknown. 

The following is a statement of the total num- 
ber of men furnished by the different States to 
the Federal government during the war in re- 
sponse to all the calls : 

Maine 7 1, 745 

New Hampshire 34,605 

Vermont 35, 256 

Massachusetts 151,785 

Rhode Island 24, 7 1 1 

Connecticut 5 2 j 2 7° 



— 833— 

New York 455,568 

New Jersey 79, 511 

Pennsylvania 366,326 

Delaware = I 3,65i 

Maryland 49,73° 

West Virginia , . 30,003 

District of Columbia 16,872 

Ohio 3*7, 133 

Indiana 195,147 

Illinois 258,217 

Michigan ....... 90, 1 1 9 

Wisconsin 96, 118 

Minnesota 25,024 

Iowa 75,86o 

Missouri 108,778 

Kentucky 78, 540 

Kansas 20,007 



Total 2,653,062 

To this number must be added the men en- 
listed in the seceding States and Territories. 
Tennessee and Alabama furnished several regi- 
ments ; so Colorado also. 



AN APPEAL TO THE YOUNG MEN OF AMERICA, 



TO MAINTAIN AND PERPETUATE THE GOVERN- 
MENT SECURED TO THEM AT SO GREAT 
A COST OF LIFE AND 
TREASURE. 



CHAPTER XV. 

For the most part, patriotism is held to be a 
cheap sentiment, beautiful in its own way, as the 
love of flowers, perhaps, but of no more binding 
obligation. This light conception of one of the 
weightier virtues found what may be called its 
culminating expression in Dr. Johnson; "Patriot- 
ism is the last refuge of a scoundrel." The 
explanation lies near at hand. 

A love of home, however homely, is deeply 
implanted in the bosom of every child. It would 
rather live with its own parents in a hovel, clad 
in rags and pinched with hunger, than share as 
an orphan the hospitality of strangers, though sur- 
rounded with all the luxury and elegance of wealth. 



— 8S5 - 

Akin to this is the inborn attachment to the 
land of one's nativity. It is not a sentiment born 
of genial skies and fertile acres, of civilization and 
religion. For it is true what the poet says : 

"Man, through all ages of revolving time : 
Unchanging man in every varying clime, 
Deems his own land, of every land the pride, 
Beloved of Heaven, o'er all the world beside." 

Men cling to their native land, though it be 
bleak and barren, quite as passionately as to the 
fairest spots on which an affluent nature has lav- 
ished her blessings. The hardy Swiss sees more 
charm in his rough mountain home, with the ice 
fields for his hunting grounds, and the frosty winds 
and sliding avalanches, (his music), than in any 
summer clime, where the orange and citron grow. 
The Alaskan would grow weary and homesick, 
where the cactus and magnolia bloom and sigh 
for the grim winter and auroral lights of his nativ- 
ity — in the heart of Northern seas. 

This blind instinct that men have so promis- 
cuously eulogized, that has been so often the 
inspiration of song, is not patriotism in the full, 
rich meaning of the word. No mistake could be 



— SS6— 

greater. It is something which mere animals 
share with man. It is as strong in the savage 
Indian for his hunting grounds, as it was in the 
heart of a Roman citizen, in the days of the 
Csesars. Surely, the emotion that fired the souls 
of the Oranges, Hampdens, Emmets and Frank- 
lins, was not a blind instinct, that clung to the tree 
which happened to overshadow their birth-place. 
It was not for love of the mere territory of Massa- 
chusetts that impelled Warren to rush to the 
heights of Bunker Hill, and fight and fall. It was 
no such unintelligent sentiment that led the elder 
Adams, on hearing the volleys of musketry at 
Lexington, to exclaim : "O what a glorious morn- 
ing is this !" Even men of foreign birth were 
fired by the same inspiration. Baron de Wolf, 
fighting and dying for colonial liberty on the 
plains of Camden ; and the Marquis de Lafayette 
tendering his sword and fortune to the Colonial 
Congress in the darkest hours of the revolutionary 
struggle, felt a like enthusiasm with that which 
animated the souls of AVashington and Henry. 
In the war of the Union, "Men out of many 
nations under Heaven" mingled their blood on a 



hundred battle fields, to uphold the integrity of 
the Nation. Soldiers from the Hebrides to the 
Rhine, whose fondest instincts cherished the 
fatherland, marched in our armies, stood guard 
together through biting frosts, and, with broken 
English, shouted in chorus over the good fortunes 
of our flag. 

What now does patriotism mean ? Surely it is 
something finer and nobler than the brute instinct 
that attaches one to his native soil. It is some- 
thing deeper even than mere fealty to the consti- 
tution and laws of the land. A man may do all 
the Government requires, without one heartfelt 
emotion of love and sympathy for its welfare. 
The fact is, patriotism is not a thing of definitions ; 
but a devotion that transcends all legal require- 
ments. The supreme land of the Nation does 
not require a man to stand brave and steadfast, 
when leaders are incompetent, and armies reel in 
panic ; but patriotism does require it. Patriotism 
then, is something more than allegiance to law; 
it is, in fine, a virtue not written in the bond. It 
is something nobler than all pen and ink formali- 
ties. It is something deeper than the constitution 



SS8- 

itself, for it is the spirit that made the constitution, 
and continues to vitalize and expand its truth in 
the national consciousness. 

From this definition it follows that to be a 
patriot in any land one must contribute toward the 
pertnanent benefit of the principles of government it 
represents. It is something within reach of every 
one, the rich as well as the poor. The man of 
plain, common sense, no less than the genius or 
the scholar. 

This, now, gives a meaning to patriotism. 
Sublime as it is simple, which we wish to empha- 
size. For man is great only, as he comes under 
the influence of great principles, and puts faith in 
ideas; enlightened convictions, born of the 
reason, cradled in the heart and guided by the 
conscience. American patriotism is a devotion 
to our Democratic idea of personal liberty, as 
expressed in the Constitution, and crystalized into 
our union of states as a representative govern- 
ment. This system of a government of the 
people, by the people, and for the people, we 
proudly believe, represents the highest political 
truth of the age, and is the brightest and freshest 



—359— 

flower of modern civilization. It is not hard to 
trace the current of even the multitudinous seas 
of the world's politics, when men like Gladstone 
write: "If there be those in this country who 
think that American democracy means public 
levity, or lack of sagacity in politics, or absence 
of self-command, let them bear in mind a few of 
the most salient and recent facts of history." 

The future of our idea is inevitable. It is a 
political truth, ageless and eternal. American 
patriotism, grounded on such a principle, is not 
a mere sensation, born of the soil and tinged by 
the sky. "Our fathers," said Lincoln, in his 
Gettysburg address, "brought forth on this conti- 
nent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedi- 
cated to the proposition that all men are created 
equal." Our patriotism is, therefore, devotion to 
that idea in the special form of government by 
which we are working it out ; and while conserv- 
ative of all the good of the past, it is prophetic of 
blessings to all people who seek to come under 
the shelter of our political roof, and to share our 
governmental hospitality. 

So long as the spirit, which is the embodiment 



of the genius of the nation, prevails among us we 
need have no fear for our institutions. Let it 
once fail, and looking around, we may well 
exclaim : Here is America, but where are the 
Americans ! Then 

"When we climb our mountain cliffs, 
( >r see the wide shore from our skiffs, 
To us the horizon shall express 
Mere emptiness and emptiness." 

The complaint is sometimes made that a general 
indifference to the public good is creeping stealth- 
ily over the nation. Be this as it may, we need, 
from time to time, new and powerful revivals of 
American patriotism. In the interests of a prin- 
ciple so exalted, and a virtue so noble, we do well 
to bestir ourselves again and again ; to see to it, 
so far as our influence lies, that the ark of our 
liberties shall be vigilantly guarded, and passed 
on to posterity unimpaired. And surely, it is a 
fit place, at the conclusion of a book, recalling 
the great struggle for the Republic and free insti- 
tutions, to press the claims of American patriotism. 

Says Cicero: "Patriotism is a duty more sacred 
than the filial tie." It is something that has 



claims. Then relating it to conscience, right, 
God, to vindicate its solemn behests it represents 
billions of money, and a half million of lives were 
sacrificed on the altar of the country. What 
multitudes of the Nation's sons, young and true, 
with all the high ambitions and lofty aspirations 
that shrink with a God-given instinct from a for- 
gotten history, and nameless grave, went on 
bravely singing national anthems, against the 
blazing bayonets of battalions, and the crossfires 
of batteries that vomited on them suffering and 
death. And so they fell on the battle field, in 
the hospitals and prison-pens, by the thousands. 
It is the solemn trust received from the yet 
speaking lips of many a comrade "just before the 
battle" — the dying behests of the brave : 

"Don't forget us ; dont forget us ; 

Keep green o\ir graves, our memory keep ; 

Sacred hold the charge we left you ; 

Keep the freedom that we bought 

"When we charged with Grant at Vicksburg ; 

Bore the fearful brunt at Franklin ; 

Swept the Southern States with Sherman 

From the mountain to the sea." 



—362— 

The new generation of voters that has come 
along since the war for the Union must be im- 
pressed with a sense of this great obligation. 
Surely, men whose very names, Lincoln, Grant, 
Sherman, Fremont, often indicate the atmos- 
phere of patriotism, that swept across their cra- 
dles, could not be insensible to patriotic motives. 
The least spark one might suspect, would be 
sufficient to set such material on fire. So let the 
conscience of the young men of the Nation be 
kept awake by the awful thunder of the cannon, 
and lightning flash of bayonet and sabre, that 
rolled over a hundred battle fields in the war of 
the Union. 

"We sit here in the Promised Land 
That flows with Freedom's honey and milk ; 
But 'twas they won it, sword in hand, 
Making the nettle danger soft for us as silk." 

Now, as we take an outlook on the future, 
there is much that is new, to encourage the loyal 
heart. The stability of our political principles 
has been thoroughly tested. The Democratic 
idea of political equality before the law, shaped 
into a Republican form of government, was 



—363— 

thought at first a hazardous experiment, that well 
might have filled the minds of those framing the 
foundations, with troubled presentiments. So the 
matter stood when the war broke out, and all 
Europe shouted: "It is only an old chimney on 
fire. We shall now see this Democratic Log 
Cabin go out in the red flame of conflagration. 
It is all over with the braggart Yankee nation. 
Its almighty smartness has played out. There is 
no people on earth that will voluntarily submit to 
the enormous sacrifice of men and money, neces 
eary to carry on such a war." Come up out of 
the tumult and dust of these confused days we 
now see how : 

"Through the ages one increasing purpose runs, 
And the thoughts of men are widened with the 
process of the suns." 

The sacred trust involves still other duty. To 
the young men of America, under God, it re- 
mains, as they rise up from generation to genera- 
tion, to shape the destiny of the country's future ; 
and sad will be the day for them, if, regardless of 
the splendid example set before them, they prove 
unfaithful to their tremendous responsibilities. 



-364- 

It was not an unreasonable hope the soldiers 
cherished, that when the nation numbered a hun- 
dred millions of free and happy people, the deeds 
of those who had bought its perpetuity with so 
great a price, would still be gratefully remem- 
bered. With the map of the country spread 
before their eyes, it was apparent that the Ameri- 
can Union has a territory fitted to be the base of 
the largest continuous government ever estab- 
lished by man. Open a compass until it touch 
with one point the tower of London, and with the 
other the Pyramids of Egypt, and you have not 
yet opened it wide enough to touch on one hand 
the Reefs of Florida, and on the other : 

"The continuous woods, 
Where rolls the Oregon, and hears no sound 
Save his own dashings." 

The importance of this fact can hardly be over- 
estimated. Says Gladstone: "The distinction 
between continuous empire, and an empire sev- 
ered and dispersed by seas is vital." From the 
foundations of the world, here were laid the abut- 
ments of a nation destined to give the largest 



— ses- 

possible room for man to enact the drama of self- 
government. What wonder then that our soldiers 
caught up Nature's solemn purpose, and sent it 
flashing through their banners: "Liberty and 
union, now and forever, one and inseparable." 
By this augury our armies marched ; for it our 
brothers laid down their lives. The greatness of 
the obligations put upon us by such a trust, can 
only be appreciated as we rightly estimate the 
Nation's resources and possibilities; this is no 
meagre task. The facts and figures seem almost 
fabulous. Take five of the six first-class powers of 
Europe : Great Britain and Ireland, France, Ger- 
many, Austria, and Italy ; then add Spain, Portu- 
gal, Switzerland, Denmark and Greece. Now 
let some greater than Napoleon weld them into 
one mighty empire; and you could lay it down 
three times over in the United States, west of the 
Hudson. A steamboat may pass up the Missis- 
sippi and Missouri rivers 3,900 miles from the 
Gulf, as far as from New York to Constantinople. 
It has been well said : "This great land of ours is 
bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on 
the west by the Day of Judgment. " The truth is 



—366— 

in the pitch of vastness realized in the expression. 
We are told how population is pouring into the 
West, and the fear is expressed that our territory 
will soon be overcrowded. The facts are more 
hopeful. There is land enough in Dakota alone 
to make a girdle six miles wide around the globe. 
Standing there at Bismark, and facing south, you 
look upon the series of empires, which form the 
mere fringe on the border of our Great West. 
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Indian Ter- 
ritory, Texas : a belt of states stretching through 
the heart of the continent from British America to 
the Gulf of Mexico. There is land enough in 
Dakota to girdle the globe ! There is more land in 
Nebraska and Kansas than in Dakota ! There is 
more in the Indian Territory and Texas than in 
the other three combined. When this belt of 
states shall have been settled, no more thickly 
than Ohio, it will contain more people than there 
are in the country to-day. And yet, in all this, 
we have made no account of Alaska, which is 
capable of great population and wealth. 

But what of the resources of this vast country, 
which makes such a brave showing on the maps. 



—867— 

According to the smallest official estimates we 
have 2,970,000 square miles of land. China, 
which supports a population of 400,000,000, has 
an area of 1,348,870 square Miles; or less than 
one half of ours, not including Alaska. And yet 
we are assured on good authority that our arable 
lands are in excess of those of China by some 
hundreds of thousands of square miles. In addi- 
tion to our great agricultural resources, our min- 
eral wealth is unequaled any where else on the 
globe, the figures of which are simply fabulous. 
No wonder Mathew Arnold said : ' 'America holds 
the future." With all our national industries fully 
developed, the United States could support and 
enrich 1,000,000,000 of people, or half the present 
population of the globe. We now have a popu- 
ation of 60,000,000, which, by the end of the 
century, will be 100,000,000, with the commer- 
cial center of the world shifted from London to 
New York, and its center of culture removed from 
the Seine to the Hudson. 

Like the country itself, that has a North, where 
the snow never melts, and a South where the 
snow never falls, its obligations of citizenship are 



—368— 

simply unutterable ! Would that the sense of re- 
sponsibility were in some measure commensurate, 
for then would it wrench from the lips of the 
young men of America to-day a cry like that of 
one of old : "Who is sufficient for these things?" 
So long as there is an American conscience touch- 
ing the great trust, our institutions will be safe. 
While this burden of obligation rests upon all, it 
should weigh with especial heaviness on the 
young men, who enjoy all these blood-bought 
privileges, without having shared in the mighty 
cost of life and treasure, well nigh borne by a 
single generation. The national debt it occa- 
sioned has already been reduced to a mere nom- 
inal figure. 

This now is the sacred duty of the young men 
of America. Says Emerson: "I call upon you, 
young men, to obey your heart, and be the no- 
bility of this land." In every age of the word 
there has been a leading nation, one of a more 
generous sentiment, whose eminent citizens weie 
willing to stand for the interests of general 
justice and humanity, at the risk of being called 
chimerical. Which should be that nation but 



—369— 

these states ? * * The timidity of our public 
opinions is our disease. Good nature is plentiful, 
but we want justice, with heart of steel, to 
fight down the proud. * * Nothing is mightier 
than we, ("the private mind") when we are 
vehicles of a truth before which the state and 
the individual are alike ephemeral. 

This thought cannot be too deeply impressed. 
There can be no discharge for the soldiers of 
liberty; their warfare is never accomplished. 
The young men who vote bravely to-day, are 
the successors of the embattled farmers, who, 
on Bunker Hill, fired the shot that was heard 
around the world ! It is for them to stand for- 
ever guard against the subtle encroachments of 
false principles, by which the best institutions 
are often perverted. The good cause itself must 
often renew its credentials. Every generation 
must re-ask the old questions, or run the risk 
of political stagnation. Providence refuses to let 
any individual, any nation, or any party live on 
past experiences, however rich and noble. The 
manna of yesterday will breed worms. The 
lesson of history is: Make more history or die. 



— 370- 

" Men whose boast it is that ye 
Come of fathers brave and free," 

Do not dream that their freedom can be your 
freedom without their heroism. Every man is 
not free who lives in a free country. Indiffer- 
ence is enslavement. Every man who will be 
free must volunteer a life-long struggle against 
apathy, ignorance and servility; the eternal ene- 
mies of the human race, actual devils that still 
floor men, and would keep them down forever. 
When the truth that makes men free, political or 
otherwise, is abandoned, they quickly glide down 
the steps of progress, from the position of free 
men to the condition of slaves. A?id slaves make 
tyrants, and tyrants make inquisitions and thumb- 
screws and dungeons. The rest need not be 
told. In every case, when the liberties of a 
people have been sacrificed to the ambition of 
unscrupulous usurpers, it has been first brought 
about by the indifference and apathy of the 
people. Tne civilizations of the past have all 
perished on this rock. Egypt, Babylon, Greece, 
are thus no more ; and China, with her prisons 
locked night and day, but always full; her tern. 



—371— 

pies always open, yet nobody in them ; and her 
people dying as senseless as mere animals die — 
is just what indifferentism would do, if allowed its 
course, for our young and hale America. 

It is against such an insidious enemy to our 
free institutions as this that the young men of the 
nation need to be aroused. It is not the cry of 
an alarmist. Here and there the marks of in- 
difference to the public welfare are only too 
apparent. How many there are who will mal- 
iciously say, 'we will look out for ourselves and 
let the politicians look after the country.' In this 
way many of the better class of citizens excuse 
themselves from political duties and leave the 
primary caucus and the ballot box in the hands 
of the incompetent and dishonest. Such base 
indifference to truth and hatred of trouble in 
comparison with lies that sit quiet, men now ex- 
tensively practice, little dreaming how fatal it is 
at all times. Young men are now needed every- 
where, who, like a scholarly gentleman of the 
highest standing in the community who took no 
part in party politics, went down to the ballot 
boxes of a corrupt ward and all alone challenged 



—372- 

illegal votes. No matter that a party of roughs 
was stationed near him, who filled the day with 
profanity and endeavored to drive away all de- 
cent men by their harpy clamor. The gentleman 
held his place ; threatened prosecution against 
lax officers behind the ballot boxes, and the re- 
sult was that a dark ward was illuminated, if not 
by noon, at least by twilight, and many a wild 
beast of politics ran to his den. There is no 
other way. We must vigilantly guard our liber- 
ties or lose them. The inactivity of the good 
is the opportunity of the bad. 

The young men of America, in view of their 
inestimable privileges, should be willing to do 
this one thing more. They should never forget 
that our brethren died not only for the unification 
but for the purification of the nation. It is not 
too much therefore, that we urge upon them to 
endeavor to give their very best efforts to elevate 
American politics. Every school boy is now 
supposed to know what the old empire of Rome 
was, and how the little stone of Christianity 
smote it in pieces and winnowed its fragments 
like the chaff of a summer threshing floor. The 



—373— 

avenging angel which punishes wrong had re- 
corded against it such prophesy : 

"Rome shall perish! write that word 
In the blood which she has spilt ; 
Perish hopeless and abhorred, 
Deep in ruin as in guilt." 

To save America from the ruin that must fol- 
low apostacy from the laws of God, the anchor 
of her politics must be kept moored to the rock 
of righteousness, not the shifting sands of private 
interest, and so long will it hold amid the rushing 
tides of popular opinion. " Let right be done if 
the heavens fall." This is the true function of 
the patriot. As individual liberty and self-gov- 
ernment are his privilege, so the duties they impose 
are his necessity. So long as patriotism, virtue, 
vigilance, the eternal substratum of free govern- 
ments, abide with the people, so long will our 
liberties endure. But should the young men of 
any generation ever be guilty of neglect of duty 
in this matter, in God's providence it will surely 
come back upon them, in the corruption of their 
children, in the insecurity of their prosperity, in 



—874- 

insurrections and riots, and in all forms of anarchy 
and confusion. This nation can be maintained 
indefinitely, only if it stay itself on truth, honor, 
right and God; otherwise it will drop ere long 
into chaos of its own bulk and weight. 

" beautiful ! my country ours once more ; 
What words divine of lover or of poet 
Could tell our love and make thee know it, 
Among the nation's bright beyond compare : 

What were our lives without thee ? 

What all our lives to save thee ? 

We reck not what we gave thee ; 

We will not dare to doubt thee, 
But ask whatever else, and we will dare." 



—373— 

" My country 'tis of thee, 
Sweet land of liberty, 

Of thee I sing ; 
Land where our fathers died, 
Land of the pilgrim's pride. 
From every mountain side 

Let freedom ring. 

My native country, thee, 
Land of the noble free — 

Thy name I love ; 
I love thy rocks and rills, 
Thy woods and templed hills ; 
My heart with rapture thrills 

Like that above. 

Let music swell the breeze, 
Andring from all the trees, 

Sweet freedom's song ; 
Let mortal tongues awake, 
Let all that breathe partake, 
Let rocks their silence break, 

The sound prolong. 

Our father's God to thee, 
Author of Liberty, 

To thee I sing ; 
Long may our land be bright 
With freedom's holy light; 
Protect us by thy might, 

Great God, our King." 



-876— 



INDEX BY CHAPTERS. 



INTRODUCTION. 

PAGE. 

What Caused the Rebellion 3 

CHAPTER I. 

The Writer's First Visit to the Army 63 

Called on Governor Tod 64 

In the Hospital 64 

A Dying Soldier 65 

At Woodstock 68 

The Army Not Permitted to Go Forward 70 

Furnished Gov. Tod with a Report of the Killed and Wounded... 70 

Many People had Crude Ideas of the War 71 

What the Result Would Have Eeen if the Rebellion had Suc- 
ceeded, conjectured 72 

CHAPTER II. 

BATTLES OF THE WAR. 

CHAPTER III. 

Eighty-Fourth O. V. 1 115 

Names of Officers 216 

Where Located 217 

Ordered to New Creek, Va 219 

Mustered Out at Delaware, Ohio 219 

CHAPTER IV. 

Go Down the Mississippi 220 

Stop at White River — Remarkable Colored Man 221 

Jackson's Monument Defaced at Memphis 222 

Vicksburg, the Excavations to Live in During the Bombardment.. 223 



— 377- 
PAGE. 

Jeff. Davis's Bend and Home 224 

My Guide 227 

My Journey from the Bend to Vicksburg 22S 

Lamar's Residence 229. 

Sherman Enters Vicksburg » ith Eleven Miles of Contrabands 230 

CHAPTER V. 
Ordered by Gov Tod to Relieve Wounded at Winchester — My 

Flag of Truce 231 

Make the Journey and Return 233 

CHAPTER VI. 

James J. Anderson's Raid — Start from Huntsville, Ala 236 

Capture the Train at Big Shanty 244 

Within 19 Miles of Chattanooga they Abandon the Train 258 

They are All Captured 259 

Names of the Raiders Still Living 263 

CHAPTER VII. 

Morgan's Invasion 265. 

Pass Through Southern Indiana 267 

Pass Through Southern Ohio 268 

Are Captured 269 

Part of the Raiders are Confined in the Ohio Penitentiary 270 

Morgan Escapes 271 

CHAPTER VIII 

Two Female Spies at Memphis 273. 

Put Through the Union Lines and are Carried on Their Journey 

by the Confederates 274 

They Return and Go to Grant's Headquarters 276 

CHAPTER IX. 

Sherman's March to the Sea 279 

A Description of His Campaign 279 to 286 

CHAPTER X 
Gov. Tod's Part in the War 287 

He Inaugurates a System to Care for the Soldiers in the Hospitals. 289 
He Adopted a Method to Get Rid of Unworthy Surgeons and 

Chaplains 29a 



—378- 
PAGE. 

CHAPTER XI. 
Union Generals 294 

Anderson, Buell, Burnside, McClellan, Rosecrans, Grant, Butler, 
Canby, Fremont, Hancock, Halleck, Howard, Kearney, 
Lyon, Mitchell, McClernard, Oglesby, Osterhau?, McPher- 

son, Sherman, Garfield and Sheridan 338 

CHAPTER XII 

Confederate Generals 328 

Beauregard, Bragg, Breckenridge, Buckner, Davis, Early, Buell, 
Hampton, Hardee, Hill, A. P. Hill, Hood, Hughes, Jackson, 
A. S. Johnston, J. E. Johnston, Gen. Lee, Fitzhugh Lee, 
Robt. E. Lee, Longstreet, McCollough, Pemberton, Polk, 

Price, K. Smith, Stewart, Van Doran and Sibley 339 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Military Prisons 340 

Union Prisons Healthy and Well Provided For 341 

Confederate Military Prisons, where Located, Unhealthy and Badly 

Conducted 344 

Captain Cline's Testimony 347 

CHAPTER XIV 

The Cost of Human Life 349 

Where the Nation's Dead are Buried 351 

The Number of Men -Each State Furnished to the Army 352, 353 

CHAPTER XV. 

An Appeal to the Young Men ol America 354 

Patriotism — Its Meaning 357 

To Be a Patriot 358 

Indifference to Public Interests 360 

Duty of Voters 362 

The English Rejoiced at What They Thought Was Our End 363 

The Territory of th: United States 366 

Number of Square Miles in the United States 367 

Our Territory Could Support One Billion of People 367 

No Nation Can Live on Past Experience 369 

Indifference May Cost Us Our Liberties 370 

Ballot Box Must Not Be Controlled by the Bad Element in the 

Country 371 

The Nation to be Purified as well as Saved 372 

A Firm Adherence to the Right 373 



—379— 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



A. 

PAGE. 

Anderson, Major, at Fort Sumpter, - 75 

Andrews, James, raid in Georgia, ----- 235 

Augusta, Kentucky, battle, ----- 122 

Arkansas Post, battle. .-.--- 133 

Alexandria, Louisiana, captured, - 142 

Austin, Mississippi, captured, ----- ^2 

Austin, Mississippi, surrendered, - - - - 145 

Aldie, Virginia, battle, .-...- 146 

Atlanta, Georgia, battles, surrender, - 1S9 

Atlanta, Georgia, final surrender, ----- 193 

Atlanta, Georgia, starting for Savannah - - - 197 

Altoona, Georgia, battle, ------ 195 

Averysborough, North Carolina, battle, - - - 207 

Allegheny Camp, Virginia, battle, - - - - 89 

Antietam, Maryland, battle, ----- 121 

Arkansas, raid into, - - - - - - -17S 

B. 

Big Bethel, battle, ------ 76 

Blackburn Ford, battle, ------ 78 

Bull Run, rst battle, ------ 79 

Boonville, Missouri, battle, ------ 83 

Blue Mills, Missouri, battle, ----- 82 

Big River Bridge, Missouri, skirmish, - - - - 85 

Ball's Bluff, Virginia, battle, - S6 

Beaufort, South Carolina, bombardment, - - - - 87 

Belmont, Missouri, battle, - 87 

Bayou Cache, Arkansas, skirmish, - - - - - 112 

Bull Run, Virginia, 2d battle, - - - - - 118 

Bolivar, Tennessee, battle, ------ n8 



—380- 
PAGE. 

Bayou Sara, Louisiana, boat fight, - - - 113 

Brittins Lane, Tennessee, skirmish, - - - 119 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, capture, - - - - 115 

Baton Rouge, Louisiana, ------ 130 

Bayou Teche, Louisiana, gunboat, - - - - 134 

Bayou Teche, Louisiana, 2d, - - - - - 139 

Blackwater, Virginia, battle, ----- 134 

Bridgeville, Tennessee, battle, ----- 135 

Brenswood, Tennessee, captured, ... - 13S 

Baker's Creek, Mississippi, skirmish, - 145 

Big Black River, Mississippi, 1st battle, - - - 144 

Big Black River, Mississippi, 2d battle, - 149 

Beverly, West Virginia, battle, ----- 204 

Bentonville, North Carolina, battle, - - - 208 

Boydton Road, Virginia, battle, - - - 208 

Brownsville, Arkansas, battle, ----- ^9 

Bachelor's Creek, battle, - - - - - - 175 

c. 

Cole's Camp, Missouri, skirmish, ----- 76 

Carthage, Missouri, battle, ----- 77 

CarricK's Ford, Virginia, battle, ----- 78 

Chaileston, South Carolina, bombardment, - - - 75 
Charleston, South Carolina, naval action, - 133, 189, 206 

Charleston, Missouri, battle, ----- 82 

Charleston, South Carolina, evacuation, - 206 

Charleston, Virginia, skirmish, ----- 127 

Carnifax, Virginia, battle, ------ 82 

Cheat Mountain, Virginia, battle, - 83 

Chapmansville, West Virginia, battle, - - - - 84 

Chicamacomico, Virginia, battle, - 85 

Camp Wild Cat, Kentucky, battle, - - - - - 86 

Chickahominy, Virginia, battle, - 105 

Corinth, Mississippi, 1st battle, ----- 106 

Corinth, Mississippi, 2d battle, - - - 123 

Cross Keys, Virginia, battle, ----- 109 

Cedar Mountain, Virginia, battle, - - - - 116 

City Point reduced, ------- 117 

Centerville, Virginia, skirmish, ----- 167 

Chantilly, Virginia, battle, ------ 119 

Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, plundered, - - , 124 



—381- 
PAGE. 

Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, burned, - 190 

Cane Hill, Arkansas, battle, ----- 126 

Chancellorsville, Virginia, battle, ----- 142 

Chattanooga, Tennessee, bombardment, - - - 171 

Culpeper, Virginia, battle, - 16S 

Cumberland Gap, Tennessee, skirmish, - - - 171 

Chickamauga, Tennessee, battle, ----- 172 

Crump's Hill, Louisiana, battle, - 179 

Cold Harbor, Virginia, battle, - 184 

Cedar Creek, Virginia, battle, ----- I0 6 

Camp Allegheny, Virginia, ------ 89 

Charlestown, West Virginia, ----- 127 

Cumberland River Boats, captured, - - - - 133 

D. 

Dry Springs, Missouri, battle, ----- 81 

DrainsVille, Virginia, battle, - - - - - 90 

Dumfries, Virginia, skirmish, ----- 131 

Davis Mills, Mississippi, battle, ----- 131 

Davis Bend, Mississippi, my sojourn there, - - - 225 

Deep Bottom, Virginia, - - - - - - 192 

Draft Riots in the North, - 165 

E. 

Eagleville, Tennessee, skirmish, - 

Elk Creek, Arkansas, battle, ----- 166 

Elizabeth City, North Carolina, - 101 

Early's Army captured, ------ 207 

End of the War, -...-.. 210 

Dunham, North Carolina, surrendered, - - - - 214 



Fairfax Courthouse, Virginia, battle, - 136 

Falling Waters, West Virginia, battle, - 

Ft. Hatteras, North Carolina, captured, - - - 82 

Freestone Point, Virginia, bombaidment, - - - - 89 

Ft. Henry, Tennessee, battle, ----- 93 

Ft. Donaldson, Tennessee, battle, - - - - - 94 

Ft. Donaldson, Tennessee, skirmish, - - - - 116 



— 382- 
PAGE. 

Ft. Craig, New Mexico, battle, ----- 95 

Ft. Pulaski, Georgia, battle, ----- go 

Ft. Jackson, Louisiana, bombardment, - - - - 101 

Front Royal, Virginia, battle, ----- 105 

Fair Oaks, Virginia, battle, ----- 107 

Fredricksburg, Virginia, battle, ... - 128 

Ft. McAllister, Georgia, battle, ----- 134 

Ft. McAllister, Georgia, capture, ... - 109 

Franklin, Tennessee, battle, - 139, 198, 201 

Fayetteville, Arkansas, battle, ----- 140 

Fairmount, West Virginia, battle, ----- 140 

Ft. Hudson, Louisiana, battle, ----- 165 

Ft. DeRuss, Louisiana, battle, - - - - 177 

Ft. Pillow, Tennessee, captured, - 108 

Ft. Pillow, Tennessee, _.---»- 180 

Ft. Darling, Virginia, battle, ----- 152 

Ft. Darling, Virginia, battle, ----- 181 

Franklin, Tennessee, battle, ----- 200 

Ft. Fisher, North Carolina, bombardment and capture, - 203, 204 

Ft. Anderson, North Carolina, battle, - - - - 205 

Ft. Steadman, Virginia, battle, ----- 206 

Five Forks, Virginia, battle, ----- 209 

Fisher's Hill, Virginia, battle, - - - - 194 

Flemington, West Virginia, skirmish, - - - - 85 

Frasier's Farm, Virginia, ------ in 

Frederickstown, Missouri, - ... - 87 

Ft. Pickens, South Carolina, - - - - - 91 

Ft. Canby, New Mexico, ----- 167 

G. 

Greenbrier, West Virginia, ------ 84 

Gainsville, Virginia, battle, ... - - 117 

Gallalin, Tennessee, battle, ------ 125 

Garrettsville, Kentucky, battle, ----- 121 

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, battle, ----- 151 

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, turning point, - - - 157 

Galveston, Texas, ------- 132 

Gray's Gap, Tennessee, battle, ----- 150 

Granada, Mississippi, battle, ----- 168 

Griswaldville, Georgia, battle, . - - - - 198 

Guyandotte, Virginia, ------ 88 



—383- 
PAGE. 

Gordonsville, Virginia, raid, - 185 

Georgia, raid, ------- ig 2 

H. 

Huntersville, West Virginia, battle. ... - gi 

Hampton Roads, Virginia, battle, .... 95 

Hainesville, West Virginia, 77 

Huntsville, Alabama, battle, ----- 100 

Hanover Court House, Virginia, battle, - - - 106 

Harrisonburg, Virginia, skirmish - 108 

Hamilton, North Carolina, captured, - - . - 1:3 

Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, captured, . - - 120 

Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, evacuation, - - - 122 

Hartsville, Tennessee, battle,- - 127 

Holly Springs, Mississippi, battle, .... 130 

Holly Springs, Mississsippi, second battle, - - . 144 

Howard House, Georgia, battle, ----- 189 

Hatcher's Run, Virginia, battle, .... 206 

Horse Shoe Bend, Tennessee, ----- 143 

Haymarket, Virginia, battle, ----- 116 

Hollow Tree Gap, Tennessee, battle, - 198 

Helena, Arkansas, battle, ----- j(, 2 

I. 

Iuka, Mississippi, battle, ------ 122 

Ishnd No. jo, Missouri, battle, .... 96 

Invasion in Kentucky, ...... 168 

Indian Territory, battle, - 169 

J. 

James' Island, South Carolina, battle, - 109 

Jasper, Alabama, skirmish, - - - - - 113 

Jacksonville, Florida, captured, ----- I37 

Jackson, Mississippi, battle, ----- 143 

Jackson, Mississippi, second battle, - 161 

Jonesboro, Georgia, battle, ----- ^3 

Johnson's surrender, --.... 213 

K. 

Kingston, North Carolina, battle, ----- 126 

Kearnstown, Virginia, battle, ----- 97 

Kelley's Ford, Virginia, battle, ----- 36 



—384- 
PAGE. 

Knoxville, Tennessee, evacuation, .... Z y 

Knoxville, Tennessee, skirmishing, - - - - 175 

Kulp House, Virginia, battle, ----- 182 

Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia, battle, - 1S8 

L. 

Lexington, Missouri, seige, ----- 84 

Levvisburg, Virginia, skirmish, ----- ioj 

Lebanon, Tennessee, battle, ..... IO o 

Lexington, Kentucky, pillaged, .... - ^6 

Lavergive, Tennessee, battle, - 123 

Labodie, Louisiana, battle, ..... I2 6 

Linden, Tennessee, fight, ..... r ^ 

Lawrence, Kansas, sacked, - 170 

Lebanon, Kentucky, .---._ z n 

Liberty Gap, captured, - - - - - 147 

Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, .... T y^ 

Lee's surrender and correspondence between the Generals, - 211 

M. 

Murfordville, Kentucky, battle, ----- 89 

Mt. Zion, Missouri, battle, - 90 

Monterey, Virginia, battle, ------ 100 

Memphis, Tennessee, fighting, - 108 

Memphis, Tennessee, skirmish, ----- rl ^ 

Manassas, Virginia, battle, - - - - - 167 

Murfreesboro, Tennessee, battle, ----- 113 

Murfreesboro, Tennessee, second battle, ... 202 

Moor's Hill, Missouri, battle, - - - - - 114 

Munfordsville, Kentucky, battle, .... I2 i 

Middletown, Maryland, skirmish, ----- ng 

Maysville, Arkansas, battle, ..... I2 5 

Middletown, Tennessee, battle, ..... i^c, 

Milton, Tennessee, battle, ..... 137 

Monticello, Kentucky, battle, - - - — - 140 

Melvern Hill, Virginia, - - - - - na 

Morgan's Raid, ...... 186-265 

Marmaduke was driven out of Missouri, ... i 4I 

Manassas Gap, battle, ...... n6 

Mission Ridge, Tennessee, battle, - - - . 172 

Monocacy Creek, Maryland, battle, - - - - 188 

Mobile, Alabama, fleet and capture, - 191 



— 38E — 

JAGE. 

Moorefield, West Virginia, battle, .... Z g 1 

Morristown, Tennessee, battle, .... x „~ 

Milledgeville, Georgia, capture, ..... jg$ 

Mine Creek, battle, ...... ^ 

Murfreesboro, Tennessee, battle, - - . - - 113 

McDowell, Virginia, battle, - - . . 104 
Morgan killed, - - - - . . -150 

Mt. Sterling, Kentucky, captured, .... j.g 

Mill Springs, Kentucky, battle, ...... ng 

Monticello, Kentucky, ...... I+0 

X. 

New Madrid, Missouri, battle, - - - - - 120 

Newburn, North Carolina, capture, .... gg 

Newburn, North Carolina, second capture, ... I3 6 

Norfolk, Virginia, capture, ..... I0 ^ 

Natchez, Mississippi, surrender, ..... r gr 

Nashville, Tennessee, battle, ..... ^g 

Nashville, Tennessee, second battle, .... 20 , 

Natchitoches, Louisiana, battle, - - - . I jq 

New Creek, West Virginia, skirmish, - - . . 219 
New Hope Church, skirmish, - - - . 
New Orleans, Louisiana, ..... 

Newburg, Indiana, Morgan crosses, - II3 

o. 

Orange Court House, captured, - - - . -115 

Overall's Creek, Tennessee, battle, ... 202 

Olustree, Florida, battle, - - - - . I77 

Oceola, Missouri, ----.. 8g 

Opolusus, Mississippi, ...... r . 

P. 

Phillipi, Virginia, battle, ..... .g 

Papinsville, Missouri, skirmish, ...... g- 

Pensacola, Florida, fight, evacuation, .... I0 , 

Pea Ridge, Arkansas, battU, g . 

Pigeon Ranch, New Mexico, battle, - - . . g g 

Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, battle, ■ - . - oS 

Perrysville, Kentucky, battle, - - - . . l2 . 

Prestonsburg, Kentucky, ----- ni 

Poctaligo, South Carolina, battle, .... I21 . 



1S2 
101 



—386- 
PAGE. 

Prairie Grove, Arkansas, battle, - 127 

Parker's Cross Roads, Tennessee, battle. * - - 132 

Port Hudson, Louisiana, fight, ------ 136 

Port Gibson, Mississippi, battle, - - - - 141 

Port Republic, Virginia, battle, - - 108 

Plymouth, North Carolina, 1st battle, - - - - 176 

Plymouth, North Carolina, 2d battle, - 180 

Plymouth, North Carolina, capture, - - - - ig6 

Paducah, Kentucky, fight, ------ 178 

Pleasant Hill, Louisiana, fight, - 179 

Powder Springs, Georgia, battle, ----- 183 

Pine Mountain, Georgia, battle, - - - - - 183 

Petersburg, Virginia, battle. - - r 187 

Petersburg, Virginia, evacuation, - 209 

Pilot Knob, Missouri, battle, - - - - 194 

Peach Tree Creek, Georgia, battle, ... - 189 

Q. 

Quantrall Raid. ------- 170 

Quaker Roads, Virginia, skirmish, ... - 20S 

Queen of the West, capture, .... - 140 

Jl. 

Rom'ney, West Virginia, battle, ----- 86 

Roanoke Island, North Carolina, battle, - 93 

Rud's Hill, battle, - - 1S7 

Richmond, Virginia, evacuation and battles, - - - 109 

Richmond, Virginia, raid, - - - - - " '77 

Richmond, Virginia, raid, ----- 1S2 

Richmond, Kentucky, battle, - - - - - 118 

Resica, Georgia, battle, ------ 1S4 

Raymond, Mississippi, battle, - - - - -143 

Raid in Mississippi, - - - - - - 176 

Rover, Tennessee, skirmish, ... 135 

Raid under Sherman, to Savannah, - - - - 183 

Rich Mountain, Virginia, battle, - - - - 77 

Raid in North Carolina, ------ 166 

Reams Station, Virginia, battle, ----- 192 

Raid, Morgan's, - - - ' - - - - 147 

River Bridge, Missouri, - - - 8s 



— 387— 



Raid into Tennessee, 
Raid into Mississippi, 
Raid into Alabama, 
Raid into South Carolina, 



s. 



Sereytown, Virginia, skirmish, - 
Summerville, Virginia, battle, 
Savage Station, Virginia, 
Salem, Missouri, battle, 
Seven Pines, Virginia, battle, 
St. Charles, Missouri, fight, - 
South Mountain, Maryland, battle, 
Stone River, Tennessee, battle, 
Springfield, Missouri, battle, 
Springfield, Missouri, 2d battle, 
Sabine City, Texas, battle, 
Shelbyville, Tennessee, 
Steel's Bayou, Mississippi, battle, 
Summerset, Kentucky, battle, 
Suffolk, Virginia, battle, 
Stevensburg, Virginia, battle, 
Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana, battle, 
Sabine Cross Roads, Louisiana, battle, 
Sherman's Raid to the Sea, 
Sheridan in Shenendoah Valley, 
Savannah, Georgia, captured, 
Spring Hill, Tennessee, battle, 
Santa Rosa Island, Florida, 
Strawsburg, Virginia, - - - 

Steamboat contest, - - - 

Spring Mills, Kentucky, 

T. 

Thompson's Station, Tennessee, skirmish, 
Triune, Tennessee, battle, - 
Tallohoma, Tennessee, battle, - 
Town Creek, North Carolina, battle, 
Town Creek, North Carolina, skirmish, 
Toms Brook, Virginia, battle, 



PAGE. 

130 
141 

' i4S 



78 
82 
in 
" 85 
107 
109 
120 

- 131 

87 

- J 33 
134 

- 150 
1.37 

" 138 
144 

- i 7 6 
171 
180 
278 
186 

199, 191 

199 

" 85 

106 

92 

92 



i35 
i45 
150 
M5 
205 

'95 



PAGE. 

Unionville, Tennessee, battle, - - 136 

Union prisoners, ...-.-- 344 

Union City, Tennessee, surrender, - . - - 178 

w. 

Winchester, Virginia, battle, . - - - - - 146 

Winchester, Virginia, skirmish, - - - - 190 

Winchester, Virginia, battle, - 193 

West Point, Virginia, battle, - - - - 103 

Wilson Creek, Missouri; ------ 81 

Woodbury, Tennessee, battle, --.-■. -13$ 

Wythville, Virginia, battle, ----- 167 

Wilson Wharf, Virginia, battle, ----- !8 2 

Washington, D. C, skirmish, ----- ^8 

Weldon Railroad, North Carolina, skirmish, - - - 192 

Wilmington, North Corolina, captured, .... xtg 

Wilmington, North Carolina, naval fight, - - 146 

War cost in money, ------- 74 

Waynesburg, Virginia, battle, ----- 207 

V. 

Vicksburg, Mississippi, bombardment, - - - - 114 

Vicksburg, Mississippi, second, - - . - 131 

Vicksburg, Missississippi, 2d bombardment, - - - 134 

Vicksburg, Mississippi, surrender, - 162 

Virginia in the War, 75 

Y. 

Yorktown, Virginia, snrrendered, ... - IOO 

V'azoo City, Mississippi, - - - - - - 145 

Z. 

Zegorny's, Major, retreat, ' - - - 87 

Mount Zion, Missouri, battle, ... go 

Zurich, Virginia, skirmish, - - - 13° 



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